6. 6
4. §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß«—μ∂ÿª√– ߧå„π°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’ π‚¬∫“¬¿“…’ °ÆÀ¡“¬
¿“…’ ·≈–À≈—°°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’∑’Ë¥’
√—∞∫“≈®”‡ªìπμâÕßÀ“‡ß‘π¡“„™â®“¬‡æ◊Õ¥”‡π‘π°“√„À⇪ìπ‰ªμ“¡π‚¬∫“¬¥â“π√“¬®à“¬ “∏“√≥–
à Ë
·≈–¥”‡π‘π°“√μ“¡Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß√—∞∫“≈∑’ˉ¥â√—∫ª√–™“¡μ‘„Àâ∑”°“√¥Ÿ·≈∑”πÿ∫”√ÿß ÿ¢„Àâ·°à¡«≈ª√–™“
√“…Æ√¢Õߪ√–‡∑» ‡™àπ °“√®—¥À“ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥– (public goods) (‡™àπ ∂ππ “∏“√≥– °“√
ªÑÕß°—πª√–‡∑») ·≈–°“√®—¥À“ ‘π§â“¡’ª√–‚¬™πå (merit goods) (‡™àπ °“√ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢·≈–°“√
»÷°…“)
¡’§”∂“¡‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ«à“ ‡ß‘π∑’Ë√—∞∫“≈μâÕßπ”¡“‡ªìπ§à“„™â®à“¬‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ∫√√≈ÿ«—μ∂ÿª√– ߧå¢Õß°“√
∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë¥—ß°≈à“«π—Èπ √—∞∫“≈À“¡“‰¥â®“°∑’ˉÀ𠧔μÕ∫°Á§◊Õ √—∞∫“≈ “¡“√∂À“√“¬‰¥âÀ√◊Շߑπ∑ÿπ
∑’Ë®–π”¡“„™â®à“¬®“°À≈“¬·À≈àß ‡™àπ “¡“√∂À“√“¬‰¥â®“°°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’Õ“°√ ®“°°“√‡°Á∫§à“
∏√√¡‡π’¬¡ ®“°°“√¢“¬ ‘π§â“ ·≈–®“°°“√°Ÿâ¬◊¡‡ß‘𠇪ìπμâπ ·¡â∑’Ë¡“¢Õß√“¬‰¥â¢Õß√—∞∫“≈®–¡“
®“°À≈“¬·À≈àß ·μà·À≈àß√“¬‰¥â∑’Ë ”§—≠·≈–„À≠à∑’Ë ÿ¥§◊Õ ·À≈àß√“¬‰¥â®“°°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’Õ“°√
¥—ßπ—Èπ «—μ∂ÿª√– ߧåÀ≈—°„π°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’Õ“°√¢Õß√—∞∫“≈ §◊Õ °“√À“‡ß‘π‡æ◊ËÕπ”¡“‡ªìπ
§à“„™â®à“¬¢Õß√—∞∫“≈ πÕ°®“°π’È °“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’Õ“°√¬—߇ªìπ‰ª‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ∫√√≈ÿ«—μ∂ÿª√– ߧåÕËπ Ê Õ’°
◊
À≈“¬ª√–°“√ ‡™àπ ‡æ◊ËÕ°“√°√–®“¬√“¬‰¥â§√—Èß„À¡à„Àâ¡’§«“¡‡ ¡Õ¿“§¬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ (equity of income
redistribution) ·≈–‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ„π°“√√—°…“‡ ∂’¬√¿“懻√…∞°‘® (economic egulator) 6
‡ªìπμâπ ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’Õ“°√∫√√≈ÿ«—μ∂ÿª√– ߧåÀ≈—°·≈–‡ªÑ“À¡“¬Õ◊Ëπ Ê √—∞∫“≈®”‡ªìπμâÕß
°”Àπ¥π‚¬∫“¬¿“…’·≈–ÕÕ°°ÆÀ¡“¬¿“…’√«¡∑—Èߥ”‡π‘π°“√∫√‘À“√°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’„Àâ Õ¥§≈âÕß
À√◊Õ‡ªìπ‰ªμ“¡À≈—°°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’Õ“°√∑’Ë¥’ (good principles of taxation)
5. À≈—°°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’Õ“°√∑’Ë¥’¢Õß Adam Smith
„π §.». 1776 Adam Smith (2000: 888-889) ‰¥â‡ πÕÀ≈—°°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’∑’Ë¥’ (four
canons of taxation) 4 ª√–°“√‰«â„πÀπ—ß ◊Õ An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of
the Wealth of Nations ¥—ßπ’È
6
«‘∑¬å μ—πμ¬°ÿ≈ °≈à“««à“ ç√—∞∫“≈¡’∫∑∫“∑„π°“√√—°…“‡ ∂’¬√¿“æ∑“߇»√…∞°‘®‚¥¬°“√欓¬“¡√—°…“√–¥—∫√“¬‰¥â
¢Õߪ√–™“™π∑—ߪ√–‡∑»‡ªìπ à«π√«¡„ÀâÕ¬Ÿ„π√–¥—∫∑’‡À¡“– ¡...... °“√„™â®“¬¢Õß√—∞∫“≈∑”„Àâ√“¬‰¥â¢Õߪ√–™“™π‡æ‘¡¢÷π
È à Ë à Ë È
°“√‡°Á∫¿“…’¢Õß√—∞∫“≈∑”„Àâ√“¬‰¥â¢Õߪ√–™“™π≈¥≈ß ‡¡◊ËÕ‡ªìπ‡™àππ’È√—∞∫“≈°Á¡’Õ”π“®∑’Ë®–∑”„Àâ√“¬‰¥â¢Õߪ√–™“™π
‚¥¬ à«π√«¡‡æ‘¡¢÷πÀ√◊Õ≈¥≈ß°Á‰¥â ∂â“®–∑”„Àâ√“¬‰¥â¢Õߪ√–™“™π‡æ‘¡¢÷π √—∞∫“≈°Á„™â®“¬‰ª„Àâ¡“°°«à“¿“…’Õ“°√∑’®¥‡°Á∫
Ë È Ë È à Ë —
(ß∫ª√–¡“≥¢“¥¥ÿ≈) ∂â“®–„Àâ√“¬‰¥â¢Õߪ√–™“™π≈¥≈ß √—∞∫“≈°Á‡°Á∫¿“…’Õ“°√„Àâ¡“°°«à“√“¬®à“¬ (ß∫ª√–¡“≥‡°‘π
¥ÿ≈)................. „π¢≥–∑’Ë [√—∞∫“≈] μâÕß°“√®–·°âªí≠À“¿“«–‡ß‘π‡øÑÕ [inflation] À“°®”‡ªìπμâÕ߇≈◊Õ°¿“…’Õ“°√∑’Ë®–„™â
¿“…’∑“ßÕâÕ¡®–¡’º≈¥’°«à“¿“…’∑“ßμ√߇æ√“–≈¥°“√∫√‘‚¿§·≈–¡’º≈„Àâ≈¥√“¬‰¥â¢Õߪ√–™“™π¢—ÈπμàÕ Ê ‰ª‰¥â¥’°«à“¿“…’
∑“ßμ√ß „π∑“ß°≈—∫°—π „π¢≥–∑’Ë [√—∞∫“≈] μâÕß°“√·°âªí≠À“¿“«–‡ß‘πΩó¥ [deflation] ´÷Ë߇ªìπ¢≥–∑’ËμâÕß°“√„Àâª√–™“™π
„™â®à“¬¡“°¢÷Èπ¥â«¬°—π ¿“…’∑“ßμ√߇™àπ¿“…’‡ß‘π‰¥â®–¡’º≈¥’°«à“ ‡æ√“–°√–∑∫°√–‡∑◊ÕπμàÕ°“√∫√‘‚¿§πâÕ¬°«à“ é («‘∑¬å
μ—πμ¬°ÿ≈, 2528 : 36-38)
7. 7
(i) Equality
çThe subjects of every state ought to contribute towards the support
of the government, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their
respective abilities; that is, in proportion to the revenue which they
respectively enjoy under the protection of the state.é
(ii) Certainty
çThe tax which each individual is bound to pay ought to be certain,
and not arbitrary. The time of payment, the manner of payment, the
quantity to be paid, ought all to be clear and plain to the contributor,
and to every other person.é
(iii) Convenience of payment
çEvery tax ought to be levied at the time, or in the manner, in which
it is most likely to be convenient for the contributor to pay it.é
(iv) Economy in collection
çEvery tax ought to be so contrived as both to take out and to keep
out of the pockets of the people as little as possible, over and above
what it brings into the public treasury of the state.é
À≈—°°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’∑’Ë¥’¢â“ßμâπ ºŸâ‡¢’¬π¢Õ·ª≈‡ªìπ¿“…“‰∑¬ ¥—ßπ’È
(1) §«“¡‡ ¡Õ¿“§
æ≈‡¡◊ÕߢÕß∑ÿ° Ê √—∞§«√∑’®–®à“¬‡ß‘π‡æ◊Õ π—∫ πÿπ√—∞∫“≈„Àâ„°≈⇧’¬ß¡“°∑’ ¥‡∑à“∑’®–‡ªìπ
Ë Ë Ë ÿ Ë
‰ª‰¥âμ“¡ —¥ à«π§«“¡ “¡“√∂¢Õßæ«°‡¢“·μà≈–§π π—Ëπ°Á§◊Õ μ“¡ —¥ à«π¢Õß√“¬‰¥â´÷Ëßæ«°‡¢“
·μà≈–§π‰¥â√—∫ª√–‚¬™πå ¿“¬„μ⧫“¡§ÿ⡧√Õß®“°√—∞
(2) §«“¡·πàπÕπ™—¥‡®π
¿“…’∑’Ëªí®‡®°™π·μà≈–§πμâÕß√—∫¿“√–®à“¬§«√∑’Ë®–·πàπÕπ™—¥‡®π ‰¡à¡’°“√„™âÕ”π“®μ“¡
Õ”‡¿Õ„® ‡«≈“„π°“√®à“¬¿“…’ «‘∏’°“√®à“¬ ®”π«π¿“…’∑’Ë®–μâÕß®à“¬ ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥π’ȧ«√∑’Ë®–™—¥‡®π ·≈–
ßà“¬·°àºŸâ®à“¬¿“…’·≈–μàÕºŸâÕ◊Ëπ∑ÿ° Ê §π
(3) §«“¡ –¥«°„π°“√®à“¬¿“…’
¿“…’∑° Ê ™π‘¥§«√∑’®–∂Ÿ°®—¥‡°Á∫μ“¡‡«≈“ À√◊Õμ“¡«‘∏°“√∑’π“®– –¥«°¡“°∑’ ¥ ”À√—∫
ÿ Ë ’ Ë à Ë ÿ
ºŸâ®à“¬¿“…’
(4) §«“¡ª√–À¬—¥„π°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’
¿“…’∑ÿ° Ê ™π‘¥§«√∑’Ë®–∂Ÿ°ÕÕ°·∫∫∑—Èß„π·ßà«∏’°“√¥÷߇ߑπÕÕ°‰ª®“°°√–‡ªÜ“¢Õߪ√–™“™π
‘
8. 8
∑”Õ¬à“ߪ√–À¬—¥∑’Ë ÿ¥·≈–‡¢â“‰ª¬ÿà߇°’ˬ«°—∫°√–‡ªÜ“‡ß‘π¢Õߪ√–™“™π„ÀâπâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥‡∑à“∑’Ë®–‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â
πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°‡ß‘π∑’Ë¿“…’π”‡¢â“‰ª Ÿà§≈—ß “∏“√≥–¢Õß·μà≈–√—∞
Simon James ·≈– Christopher Nobes (2000: 16-17) ‰¥âπ”À≈—°°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’∑’Ë¥’
¢Õß Adam Smith ¡“‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß·≈–‡æ‘Ë¡‡μ‘¡¥—ßπ’È
(1) §«“¡‡ªìπ∏√√¡„π°“√‡ ’¬¿“…’ : ªí®‡®°™π∑’¡§«“¡·μ°μà“ß°—π®à“¬‡ß‘π¿“…’‡æ◊Õ π—∫-
Ë ’ Ë
πÿπ√—∞∫“≈·μ°μà“ß°—π
(2) §«“¡·πàπÕπ™—¥‡®π„π°“√®—¥‡°Á∫‡ ’¬¿“…’ : μâÕ߉¡à¡°“√„™âÕ”π“®μ“¡Õ”‡¿Õ„®À√◊Õ
’
7
‰¡à¡’§«“¡‰¡à·πàπÕπ™—¥‡®π‡°’ˬ«°—∫§«“¡√—∫º‘¥„π°“√‡ ’¬¿“…’
(3) §«“¡ –¥«°„π°“√‡ ’¬¿“…’ : μâÕß –¥«°∑—Èß„π‡√◊ËÕ߇«≈“·≈–«‘∏’°“√®à“¬¿“…’ 8
(4) §«“¡¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’ : §à“„™â®à“¬„π°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’μâÕß¡’®”π«π
‡≈Á°πâÕ¬‡¡◊Õ‡∑’¬∫‡ªìπ —¥ à«π°—∫√“¬‰¥â∑À“¡“‰¥â®“°°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’ 9 ·≈–°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’μÕßÀ≈’°
Ë ’Ë â
‡≈’ˬ߉¡à„À⇰‘¥º≈μàÕ°“√∫‘¥‡∫◊Õπæƒμ‘°√√¡¢ÕߺŸâ‡ ’¬¿“…’ (°≈à“«§◊Õ ¿“…’μâÕß¡’§«“¡‡ªìπ°≈“ß)
6. À≈—°°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’Õ“°√„π¬ÿ§ªí®®ÿ∫—π
ºŸ‡¢’¬π‰¥âæ∫«à“„πªí®®ÿ∫π¡’À≈—°°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’Õ“°√πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°À≈—°°“√∑’Ë Adam Smith
â —
‡ πÕ‰«âÕ’°À≈“¬ª√–°“√ ‡™àπ À≈—°§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ (flexibility) À¡“¬∂÷ß ‚§√ß √â“ß·≈–Õ—μ√“¿“…’
∑’Ë®—¥‡°Á∫§«√∑’Ë®– “¡“√∂∂Ÿ°ª√—∫‡ª≈’ˬπ‰¥â‚¥¬‰¡à¬“°‡°‘π‰ª‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ√—∫¡◊Õ‰¥â°—∫°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß
∂“π°“√≥å∑“߇»√…∞°‘® (Kath Nightingale, 2000: 7) πÕ°®“°π’È The Commission on
Taxation and Citizenship (2000: 101-109) ‡ πÕÀ≈—°°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’¥—ßμàÕ‰ªπ’È
(1) À≈—°§«“¡™Õ∫¥â«¬°ÆÀ¡“¬ (legitimacy) „π “¬μ“¢Õߪ√–™“™πºŸâ‡ ’¬¿“…’ ∑—Èß
‡ªÑ“À¡“¬·≈–°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß√–∫∫¿“…’μâÕß¡’§«“¡∂Ÿ°μâÕßμ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬
(2) À≈—°°“√¬—∫¬—Èß ‘Ëß∑’ˇªìπÕ—πμ√“¬μàÕ —ߧ¡ (discouragement of social harm)
√–∫∫¿“…’§«√∑’Ë®– √â“ß·√ß®Ÿß„®„Àâ¡’°“√≈¥æƒμ‘°√√¡∑’ˇªìπÕ—πμ√“¬ —ߧ¡ ‡™àπ ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’°“√®—¥‡°Á∫
¿“…’®“° ÿ√“ ®–∑”„Àâ ÿ√“¡’√“§“ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ·≈–Õ“®∑”„Àâ∫ÿ§§≈‡≈‘°¥◊Ë¡ ÿ√“
(3) À≈—°§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ√–À«à“ßπ“π“™“μ‘ (international cooperation) ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’°“√
·¢àߢ—π∑“ߥâ“π°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’„π√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»μà“ß Ê Õ¬à“ß√ÿπ·√ß ª√–‡∑»μà“ß Ê ®÷ߧ«√√à«¡¡◊Õ
°—π∑’Ë®– √â“ߧ«“¡ª√ÕߥÕß„π°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’
7
„𧫓¡‡ÀÁπ¢ÕߺŸâ‡¢’¬π §«“¡√—∫º‘¥„π°“√‡ ’¬¿“…’®–¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°∫∞“π¿“…’ Õ—μ√“¿“…’ «‘∏’°“√·≈–°“√§”π«≥¿“…’
—
8
„𧫓¡‡ÀÁπ¢ÕߺŸâ‡¢’¬π §«“¡ –¥«°„π°“√‡ ’¬¿“…’§«√√«¡∂÷ß ∂“π∑’Ë„π°“√‡ ’¬¿“…’¥«¬ â
9
„𧫓¡‡ÀÁπ¢ÕߺŸâ‡¢’¬π “‡Àμÿ∑Ë’∑”„Àâμâπ∑ÿπ„π°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¿“…’·≈–§à“„™â®à“¬„π°“√ªØ‘∫—μ‘μ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬ Ÿß §◊Õ
§«“¡¬“°·≈–§«“¡´—∫´âÕπ¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬¿“…’ ·≈–°“√À≈∫À≈’°·≈–Àπ’¿“…’
10. 10
‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß
¿“…“‰∑¬
√—μπ“ “¬§≥‘μ. À≈—°‡»√…∞»“ μ√å‡∫◊Õßμâπ : ¡À‡»√…∞»“ μ√å. °√ÿ߇∑æœ : ‡¬’¬√å∫§æ—∫≈‘™‡™Õ√å,
È ÿä
2537.
«‘∑¬“°√ ‡™’¬ß°Ÿ≈. Õ∏‘∫“¬»—æ∑击√…∞»“ μ√å ¡—¬„À¡à. æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 1. °√ÿ߇∑æœ : ”π—°æ‘¡æå
“¬∏“√, 2547.
«‘∑¬å μ—πμ¬°ÿ≈. °ÆÀ¡“¬‡°’¬«°—∫¿“…’Õ“°√. °√ÿ߇∑æœ : ”π—°Õ∫√¡»÷°…“°ÆÀ¡“¬‡πμ‘∫≥±‘μ¬-
Ë —
¿“, 2528.
¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…
Arnold, Roger A. Economics. 6th ed. Thomson: South-Western, 2003.
Hillman, Arye L. Public Finance and Public Policy. 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2009.
James, Simon and Christopher Nobes. The Economics of Taxation. 7th ed. Essex:
Pearson Education, 2000.
Nightingale, Kath. Taxation Theory and Practice. 3rd ed. Essex: Pearson Education,
2000.
Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations. New York: The Modern Library, 2000.
The Commission on Taxation and Citizenship. Paying for Progress: A New Politics
of Tax for Public Spending. London: Fabian Society, 2000.
Wall, Nancy. Complete A-Z Economics Handbook. 2nd ed. London: Hodder &
Stoughton, 2003.