Contenu connexe Similaire à Chapter2 (20) Chapter22. Learning Objectives
2
Describe the lessons the early Americans
learned about establishing effective
democratic government during the first
decade of independence.
Explain the key controversies that divided
the delegates at the Constitutional
Convention.
Contrast the political views of the
Federalists and Anti-Federalists.
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3. Learning Objectives
3
Assess the extent to which the addition of
the Bill of Rights to the Constitution
served the goals of both Anti-Federalists
and Federalists.
Evaluate whether the original
Constitution was pro-slavery or antislavery.
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4. Introduction
4
Framing the Constitution:
Process took approximately 10 years
Remarkably peaceful
Important early lessons and experiences
shaped document
Other influences include political philosophers, and
British constitutional and legal history
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5. 5
The Lessons of the
First Decade
State Constitutions
Separation of powers
Bicameral legislature
Weak governors
Property restrictions for voting and holding
office
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6. 6
The Lessons of the
First Decade
Articles of Confederation
First national constitution
Weak national government
Key provisions:
State sovereignty
State equality
Limited powers
Supermajority requirement
Amendments
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7. 7
The Lessons of the
First Decade
Weaknesses of the National Government
Underfunded
Unequipped army
Unable to execute unified foreign policy
Poor treatment of some Loyalists
Unable to gather quorum to do business
Conflicts between the States
Economic
Territorial
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8. 8
The Lessons of the
First Decade
Problems within the
States:
Shays’s Rebellion
Deficiencies of
state laws
Rage for paper
money
Questions about
majority rule
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9. 9
The Lessons of the
First Decade
The Road to Philadelphia
Weaknesses of Articles of Confederation
apparent in early days of the document
Annapolis Convention (1786)
Delegates urged Congress to call constitutional
convention
Congress asks states to appoint delegates
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10. The Constitutional Convention
10
May 25, 1787
Washington: presiding officer of Constitutional
Convention
Many prominent political figures absent
James Madison, James Wilson and
Gouverneur Morris critical in drafting
Constitution
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12. The Constitutional Convention
12
The Nationalists Set the Agenda:
The Virginia Plan
Three independent branches
Representation based on state population
Rejected state-based Articles of
Confederation and proposed entirely new
government
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13. The Constitutional Convention
13
The Small States Counterattack:
The New Jersey Plan
Increase powers of national government
Not willing to alter basic structure of Congress
One state, one vote
Delegates chosen by state legislatures
Hamilton’s speech
Life terms for chief executive
Appointment by national government of state
governors
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14. The Constitutional Convention
14
The Great Compromise
Representation in House based on state
population
Each state has equal representation in Senate
Bills for raising and spending money must
originate in the House
National and federal principles
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15. The Constitutional Convention
15
Completing the Constitution
Committee of Detail drafts Constitution
Vests Congress with new powers
Authorizes Congress to make all necessary
and proper laws
New restrictions on state power
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16. The Constitutional Convention
16
Completing the Constitution (continued)
Establishes presidency
Makes independent of legislature
Electoral College
Establishes bicameral Congress
National judiciary
Federal judges serve lifetime terms
Supreme Court
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17. The Constitutional Convention
17
Final Form
Committee of Style revises draft
Adds three requirements for oaths (public
promises)
Sent to states for ratification
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18. Ratifying the Constitution
18
The Course of Ratification
Required approval from nine state ratifying
conventions (not all states)
Combined public opinion and deliberation
Able leaders represent both sides of debate
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19. Ratifying the Constitution
19
Debating the Constitution
Federalists
Supported ratifying Constitution
Wanted strong national government
Federalist Papers
Argued that large republics use representation and
protect minority interests
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20. Ratifying the Constitution
20
Debating the Constitution
Anti-Federalists
Opposed ratifying the Constitution
Concerned about national government having too
much power
Denounced necessity of standing army
Not enough emphasis on civic virtue and
accountability
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22. Adding a Bill of Rights
22
Protecting Rights in the Original
Constitution
Writ of habeas corpus
Prohibitions on bills of attainder
Ex post facto laws
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23. Adding a Bill of Rights
23
Fashioning the Bill of Rights
Many proposed by states
Thomas Jefferson supported Bill of Rights
Federalists agree to add, as long as does not
limit or alter national government
Madison drafts Bill of Rights
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24. Adding a Bill of Rights
24
Ratifying the Bill of Rights
Some disagreement, but state legislatures
ratified10 of 12 proposed amendments
Bill of Rights added to Constitution
Fundamental rights enumerated
Little structural change or limits on national
government
Ended organized opposition to Constitution
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25. Slavery and the Constitution
25
Debating Slavery at the Constitutional
Convention
Three contentious issues:
Counting slaves to determine population for
representation
Allowing importation of slaves into U.S.
Obligating states to return runaway slaves
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26. Slavery and the Constitution
26
The Compromises of the Constitution
Constitution does not use words “slave” or
“slavery”
Three-fifths clause
Importation of slaves clause
Fugitive slave clause
But, avoided suggestion in Constitution that
slavery was moral or just
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27. 27
The Constitution and
Deliberative Democracy
John Adams stated that the effort to draft
Constitution was “the greatest single effort
of national deliberation that the world has
ever seen.”
Established foundation for future deliberations
about national policy
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Notes de l'éditeur On January 25, 1787, Daniel Shays and his rebels attacked the armory at Springfield, Massachusetts, which was successfully defended by local militia. This violent effort to undermine lawful authority prepared the public mind for a stronger national government. (Topham/The Image Works. Reproduced by permission.)
Figure 2-1
The United States was the first constitutional democracy. In most of the world at the time, the people had little say in how they were governed. (© Cengage Learning)
Figure 2-2
Of the four possible ways to amend the Constitution, two have never been used, and another has been used only once. Under the Constitution, Congress decides on the method of ratification. (© Cengage Learning 2014)