Fuel Cells and Hydrogen in Transportation - An Introduction
Water Conservation
1.
2. Average Rainfall
• 7 ½ inches in Phoenix, AZ
• 15 inches in Denver, CO
• 22 inches in Honolulu, HI
• 36 inches in Seattle, WA
• 40 inches in New York City
• 50 inches in Atlanta, GA
• 67 inches in Mobile, AL
• 153 inches Ketchikan, AK
3. Residential Indoor Uses of Water
Toilet – 26.8%
Clothes Washer – 21.7%Shower – 16.7%
Faucet – 15.7%
Bath – 1.7%
Dishwasher – 1.4%
Leaks – 13.7% Other – 2.3%
4. How much water do you
use?
Estimate the number of times you do
the following on a day you are at
home.
– Shower
– Flush the toilet
– Brush your teeth
– Shave
– Do a load of laundry
– Run the dishwasher
5. Wash laundry & dishes with full loads
Always turn off running water
Take shorter showers
Eliminate any and all leaks
Reduce the flow of toilets & showerheads
6. Average water use:-
Older washing machine 41
gallons
New washing machine < 28
gallons
For small loads of laundry,
adjust the water setting to a
lower level.
7. Wash a full load of dishes
Average water use:
Older machine 8 to 15 gallons
Newer machine 4 to 7 gallons
Don’t pre-rinse, just scrape the dishes
Just a few dishes?
Wash in the sink or a dish pan
Rinse with sprayer or in a pan
8. Always save clean running water
• Collect water in buckets while waiting for
shower water to warm
• Use it for:
• Watering indoor plants
• Mopping the floor
• And other household chores
9. SHOWER IMPROVEMENTS
Take shorter showers
Replace shower head
with water savers that
use 2.5 gpm or less
Do not take baths. The
typical bath uses over
50 gallons of water.
Consider collecting
excess water for use on
house plants.
11. Kitchen Improvements
• Install low-flow faucet aerators.
• Only run dishwasher when full.
• New dishwashers are powerful.
Don’t pre-wash dishes.
• Collect excess sink water for
watering plants
12. • A garbage disposal wastes lots of water.
– Compost instead
– This will also reduce solid waste in
waterlines by 50% or more.
• Do not leave running while washing
dishes.
13.
14. Laundry
Replace old washer with
water saver model.
New models use 23
gallons as compared
to the 41 of older
machines.
Only wash full loads.
Pretreat stains to avoid
rewashing
The washing machine
accounts for 21.7% of
typical water use.
15. The Car Wash
A 15 min. car wash uses
100 gallons of water.
Use a bucket of water
and rags instead
Go to a commercial car
wash that reuses their
water.
16. WATER RECYCLING
Water recycling is the reuse of water for the
same application for which it was originally used.
Factors that should be considered in a water
recycling program include:
- Identification of water reuse opportunities
- Evaluation of the minimum water quality
needed for a particular use
- Evaluation of water quality degradation
resulting from the use
- Determination of the treatment steps.