PCV2 Vaccine Cross-Protection: Identification of Sequences in Successfully Vaccinated Field Cases - Dr. Brian Payne, Senior Associate Director of Swine Technical Services, Boehringer Ingelheim, from the 2016 Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. Swine Health Seminar, February 26, New Orleans, LA, USA. More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-boehringer-ingelheim-aasv

1. PCV2 vaccine cross-protection:
Identification of sequences in
successfully vaccinated field cases
Brian Payne1, DVM; Amy Jacobs2, BS; Cheryl Dvorak3, PhD; Michael Murtaugh3, PhD
1Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. (BIVI), St. Joseph, Missouri
2Field Research Services, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., Ames, Iowa
3 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, U. of MN, St. Paul, Minnesota

2. Summary
• Mutations in PCV2 do occur
• Evolution of the virus is inevitable
• CircoFLEX® continues to protect
• On-going monitoring is recommended
• Root cause analysis needed

3. Yes, mutants exist
• Commercial PCV2
vaccines are based on
PCV2a
• PCV2b became dominant
strain when PCV2
vaccines were launched
• PCV2d has emerged and
is becoming predominant
strain
Takahagi, Differential Effects of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Vaccination
on PCV2 Genotypes at Japanese Pig Farms, Virology, 2009, 35-41.

4. PCV2 compilation, NAHMS 2012
• More mixing of A and B
compared to 2006
• 82% had PCV2b
• 48% had PCV2a
• 35% mixed infections

5. University Submissions
Number of sequences, n
PCV2a PCV2b
mPCV2b =
PCV2d
Grand
Total
2013 10 30 18 58
2014 5 11 37 53
2015 26 13 136 175
Grand Total 41 54 191 286
VDL ALL
VDL
(no BI)
BI only
PCV2a 14 7 7
PCV2b 27 7 20
PCV2d 47 14 33
PCV2e 3 1 2
U of MN
VDL
2015
ISU
VDL

6. ISU Submissions, over time
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2013 2014 2015
NumberofSequences,n
PCV2a PCV2b PCV2d
Data Courtesy of Kent Schwartz (ISU)

7. University Submissions, 2015
26
13
136
2015 ISU
Sequences, n
PCV2a PCV2b PCV2d
7
7
14
1
2015 U of MN
Sequences, n
PCV2a PCV2b PCV2d PCV2e

8. We need to monitor overall trends
• Cases = Disease present
• Diagnostic acquisitions
• Controls = No disease
• Rarely submitted in PCVAD cases
• NAHMS studies are beneficial
• Intentional control case studies such as this one
can aid in the understanding of root cause

9. Primary Objective
• Identify PCV2 isolates in herds where:
• nursery and finisher production performance
was meeting the systems’ expectations
• no clinical PCVAD signs were apparent
• Prior to and individual groups sampled
• both the ownership and veterinary staff were
satisfied
• using Ingelvac CircoFLEX® at weaning age

10. Sampling
Serum:
• 432 samples; 23 farms
Oral fluids:
• 168 samples; 24 farms
Lung homogenate:
• 1 farm from 5 pigs
Laboratories for PCV2 PCR:
• Health Management
Center (HMC)
• Serum and Oral
Fluids
• Iowa State VDL
• Lung Homogenate

11. Herd Level Results
• Similar to previous
surveys conducted,
irrespective of
vaccine protocol used
• Does not mean
diseaseIndicates
PCV2 exposure

12. Results, Sample Level
Serum Oral Fluid
No. samples tested, total 432 168
No. and Percent Positive
PCR, %
50/432
11.6%
67/168
39.9%
Sequencing Success
Cq<30 14/14
100%
13/13
100%
Cq 30-32 7/7
100%
3/4
75%
Cq>32 0/3
0%
0/0
0%
Cq = Cycle of quantification; traditionally reported as Ct value

13. Geography of successful sequences
Bioportal (University of California, Davis) map

14. Sequences
3
21
16
Number of Sequences, n
PCV2a PCV2b PCV2d

15. PCV2 Linear Dendrogram
Bioportal (University of California, Davis)
PCV2 traditional linear dendrogram
rooted to PCV2 Reference sequence JF290418

16. Megasoftware (Tempe, AZ)
Compared amongst U of MN VDL
submissions since 2005
(n>700 sequences)
PCV2 radial dendrogram

17. CircoFLEX® cross-protection papers
Paper Field Strain(s) Challenging Pigs
Licensing Data* Heterologous PCV2a
Takahagi, Virology, 2009 16 heterologous strains (Asia)
6 heterologous PCV2a-1
4 heterologous PCV2a-2
6 heterologous PCV2b
Derosiers, JSHAP, 2009 Heterologous PCV2b (Canada)
Cline, Vet Record, 2008 Heterologous PCV2b
Roof, Leman, 2010 Heterologous PCV2b (China)
Eichmeyer, in review, 2015# Heterologous PCV2b
Haiwick, AASV, 2014 Heterologous PCV2b
Werling, AASV, 2014 Heterologous PCV2b
Opriessnig, Vaccine, 2014 Heterologous PCV2d**
Jeong, Vet Micro, 2015 Heterologous PCV2d**
*BIVI 6131-0981-04P-036; #, BIVI 2014165; ** mPCV2b reclassified to PCV2d

18. So why do we still get cases of PCVAD

20. Summary
• PCV2 can be found in successfully
vaccinated populations
• PCV2 is ubiquitous and vaccination is needed
• PCV2b and PCV2d make up the vast
majority of the sequences in the industry
• Both in control study and diagnostic labs
• Sequencing is highly successful of PCV2
at Cq values ≤ 32

21. Summary
• Individual publications based on field data
have demonstrated that Ingelvac
CircoFLEX® can help protect pigs exposed
to PCV2a, PCV2b and PCV2d
• Continual PCV2 mutations will occur
• Monitoring is important
• Root cause analysis is an important step
in the practical assessment of PCVAD

22. Gratitude
• Multiple practitioners, producers, technical
service personnel, interns and farm staff for
the collection of the samples
• BIVI veterinarians, sales representatives,
field research leaders for the coordination,
collection of samples
• BIVI HMC diagnostic lab for sample
coordination
• Murtaugh/Dvorak lab and Amy Jacobs for
coordination of the results and interpretation
• Hayley Oswald and Eduardo Fano