Salmonella enteritidis (SE) Surveillance Program: Applications and Lessons Learned - Dr. Eric Gingerich, Poultry Technical Services Specialist, Diamond V, from the 2012 Annual Conference of the National Institute for Animal Agriculture, March 26 - 29, Denver, CO, USA. More presentations at: http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2012-decreasing-resources-increasing-regulation-advance-animal-agriculture

1. Salmonella enteritidisSalmonella enteritidis
(SE) Surveillance(SE) Surveillance
Program: ApplicationsProgram: Applications
and Lessons Learnedand Lessons Learned
Eric Gingerich, DVMEric Gingerich, DVM
Diamond VDiamond V
NIAA Annual Mtg.NIAA Annual Mtg.
March 27, 2012 – Denver COMarch 27, 2012 – Denver CO

2. SE Applications and LessonsSE Applications and Lessons
LearnedLearned
 History of SE in the USHistory of SE in the US
 Response by USDAResponse by USDA
 Response by industryResponse by industry
 Response by FDAResponse by FDA

3. SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis RiskEnteritidis Risk
Reduction in Commercial LayersReduction in Commercial Layers
The report that started the ball rollingThe report that started the ball rolling
““The emergence of grade A eggs as a major source ofThe emergence of grade A eggs as a major source of
Salmonella enteritidis infections. New implications for theSalmonella enteritidis infections. New implications for the
control of salmonellosis.”control of salmonellosis.”
JAMA 1988; 259: 2103-2107.JAMA 1988; 259: 2103-2107.
M. E. St Louis; D. L. Morse; M. E. Potter; T. M. DeMelfi; J.M. E. St Louis; D. L. Morse; M. E. Potter; T. M. DeMelfi; J.
J. Guzewich; R. V. Tauxe; P. A. BlakeJ. Guzewich; R. V. Tauxe; P. A. Blake

4. SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis RiskEnteritidis Risk
Reduction in Commercial LayersReduction in Commercial Layers
 SE found to beSE found to be
transmitted within thetransmitted within the
egg and not due to shellegg and not due to shell
borne transmissionborne transmission
 Northeastern statesNortheastern states
first region tofirst region to
experience a significantexperience a significant
increase in SE casesincrease in SE cases

6. National Poultry Improvement PlanNational Poultry Improvement Plan
 Breeder sources first toBreeder sources first to
be examinedbe examined
 National PoultryNational Poultry
Improvement PlanImprovement Plan
(NPIP) initiated US SE(NPIP) initiated US SE
Clean Program for egg-Clean Program for egg-
type breeders in 1989type breeders in 1989

7. NPIP US SE Clean ProgramNPIP US SE Clean Program
 Parents hatch from SE negative stockParents hatch from SE negative stock
 Parent flock manure tested once a month for lifeParent flock manure tested once a month for life
beginning the first month of lifebeginning the first month of life
 4 manure drag swabs per house4 manure drag swabs per house
 2 nest/egg belt samples once in the lay house2 nest/egg belt samples once in the lay house
 300 Pullorum-Typhoid blood tests @ 4 months300 Pullorum-Typhoid blood tests @ 4 months
of ageof age

8. NPIP US SE Clean ProgramNPIP US SE Clean Program
 19 parent flocks have19 parent flocks have
tested positive for SEtested positive for SE
since 1989since 1989
 1 positive in 20051 positive in 2005
 1 positive in 20061 positive in 2006
 4 positive in 20074 positive in 2007
Source: A.R. Rhorer, USAHA 2007
Proceedings

9. Breeder – Best ManagementBreeder – Best Management
PracticesPractices
 BiosecurityBiosecurity
 Feed ingredientsFeed ingredients
 VaccinationVaccination
 Hatch eggHatch egg
sanitationsanitation

10. Breeder – Best ManagementBreeder – Best Management
PracticesPractices
 Breeder flockBreeder flock
biosecurity practicesbiosecurity practices
used to prevent SEused to prevent SE
 Rodent controlRodent control
 Traffic controlTraffic control
 Bird movementBird movement
equipment sanitationequipment sanitation
 Clean worker andClean worker and
visitor footwear,visitor footwear,
clothing, and headgearclothing, and headgear
plus hand sanitationplus hand sanitation

11. Breeder – Best ManagementBreeder – Best Management
PracticesPractices
 Breeder vaccinationBreeder vaccination
 Used by the majorUsed by the major
breeder in the USbreeder in the US
 Must keep 300 non-Must keep 300 non-
vaccinates for testingvaccinates for testing
at 4 monthsat 4 months
 Hatch egg sanitationHatch egg sanitation
 Used by someUsed by some
operationsoperations
 Spray at time ofSpray at time of
collectioncollection

12. SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis RiskEnteritidis Risk
Reduction in Commercial LayersReduction in Commercial Layers
 HatcheriesHatcheries
 Hatch only eggsHatch only eggs
from breederfrom breeder
flocks on NPIPflocks on NPIP
SE Clean ProgramSE Clean Program
 Use standardUse standard
sanitationsanitation
practicespractices

13. SE Outbreaks by state, 1985-1999
CDC data

14. CDC
Salmonella
Annual
Summary
2006

15. SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis RiskEnteritidis Risk
Reduction in Commercial LayersReduction in Commercial Layers
1992 - US Secretary of Agriculture declared SE1992 - US Secretary of Agriculture declared SE
and emergencyand emergency
1992-93 – SE Pilot Project Begun1992-93 – SE Pilot Project Begun
1994 – The Pennsylvania Egg Quality Assurance1994 – The Pennsylvania Egg Quality Assurance
Program (PEQAP) initiatedProgram (PEQAP) initiated

16. SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis RiskEnteritidis Risk
Reduction in Commercial LayersReduction in Commercial Layers
 Three critical control points correlated with SEThree critical control points correlated with SE
positive layers found by the SE Pilot Projectpositive layers found by the SE Pilot Project
1.1. Positive pulletsPositive pullets
2.2. Rodent populationRodent population
3.3. C&D of house between flocksC&D of house between flocks

17. SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis RiskEnteritidis Risk
Reduction in Commercial LayersReduction in Commercial Layers
 Developed byDeveloped by
PennsylvaniaPennsylvania
scientistsscientists
 Published in 1997Published in 1997
 Covers all aspectsCovers all aspects
of SE controlof SE control
 Available on PSUAvailable on PSU
website -website -
http://pubs.cas.pshttp://pubs.cas.ps
u.edu/FreePubs/pu.edu/FreePubs/p
dfs/AGRS72.pdfdfs/AGRS72.pdf

18. Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsEgg Quality Assurance Programs
 Egg QualityEgg Quality
Assurance ProgramsAssurance Programs
(EQAPs)(EQAPs)
 Best ManagementBest Management
PracticesPractices
 Education/TrainingEducation/Training
 Record keepingRecord keeping
 VerificationVerification

19. Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsEgg Quality Assurance Programs
 PennsylvaniaPennsylvania
 MarylandMaryland
 CaliforniaCalifornia
 New YorkNew York
 South CarolinaSouth Carolina
 OhioOhio
 New EnglandNew England
 United Egg ProducersUnited Egg Producers
 Company programsCompany programs

20. Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsEgg Quality Assurance Programs
 All EQAPs have Best Management PracticesAll EQAPs have Best Management Practices
 Chicks from NPIP SE Clean breedersChicks from NPIP SE Clean breeders
 BiosecurityBiosecurity
 C&D of houses between flocksC&D of houses between flocks
 Rodent controlRodent control
 Egg sanitationEgg sanitation
 Egg holding conditionsEgg holding conditions

21. Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsEgg Quality Assurance Programs
 Rodent control foundRodent control found
to be highlyto be highly
correlated to SEcorrelated to SE
infection in layersinfection in layers
 Rodent indexRodent index
formulated in PAformulated in PA
 Twelve live trapsTwelve live traps
(Tin-Cats) placed in(Tin-Cats) placed in
layer houselayer house
 Mice counted after 7Mice counted after 7
daysdays

22. Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsEgg Quality Assurance Programs
Rodent IndexRodent Index
No. of miceNo. of mice
caughtcaught
Rodent IndexRodent Index DescriptionDescription
0 to 100 to 10 11 LowLow
11-2511-25 22 ModerateModerate
26 +26 + 33 HighHigh
An index of 1 or less is acceptable

23. Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsEgg Quality Assurance Programs
 Training/educationTraining/education
 MeetingsMeetings
 Written materialsWritten materials
 33rdrd
party audit visitsparty audit visits
(Pennsylvania Dept(Pennsylvania Dept
of Ag)of Ag)
 Record keepingRecord keeping
 Rodent control logRodent control log
 VaccinationsVaccinations
 C&DC&D
 TestingTesting

24. Sampling
Chick Box
Papers

25. Verification TestsVerification Tests Required byRequired by
ProgramsPrograms
Chick box paper testingChick box paper testing PA, MD, NYPA, MD, NY
Pullet manure testing, 12wPullet manure testing, 12w PA, MD, NYPA, MD, NY
Young layer manure testingYoung layer manure testing
(30 weeks)(30 weeks)
PA, MDPA, MD
Mid-lay manure testing (45Mid-lay manure testing (45
weeks)weeks)
PA, MDPA, MD
Post-molt manure testingPost-molt manure testing PA, MD, NYPA, MD, NY
Pre-moveout testing (withinPre-moveout testing (within
8 weeks of moveout)8 weeks of moveout)
NY, OH, SC, UEPNY, OH, SC, UEP

26. Manure Drag Swab Sampling
– High-rise House

27. Swabbing A
Cage-free
House

28. Swabbing
Manure
Belts

29. Egg testing of manure positive flocksEgg testing of manure positive flocks
 Initial testInitial test
 1000 eggs1000 eggs
 Pools of 20 eggsPools of 20 eggs
 2 week interval2 week interval
 4 tests4 tests
 Continued testingContinued testing
 1000 egg sample, once a1000 egg sample, once a
quarterquarter

30. Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsEgg Quality Assurance Programs
 Diversion of eggs toDiversion of eggs to
pasteurization orpasteurization or
hard-cookinghard-cooking
 Required if any eggRequired if any egg
pool is positivepool is positive
 PA, MD, NYPA, MD, NY

31. Chance of an Egg Positive FlockChance of an Egg Positive Flock
 In PEQAPIn PEQAP
 On average for the last 5 years, approximately 33%On average for the last 5 years, approximately 33%
of manure positive flocks have tested egg positiveof manure positive flocks have tested egg positive

32. VaccinesVaccines
 Not required by anyNot required by any
EQAPEQAP
 Used by producers to aidUsed by producers to aid
in remaining SE negative,in remaining SE negative,
egg test negativeegg test negative
 Only one egg positiveOnly one egg positive
flock in PEQAP whereflock in PEQAP where
SE bacterin has beenSE bacterin has been
usedused

33. VaccinesVaccines
 VaccinationVaccination
 SE bacterinSE bacterin
 Usually 1x at 13 to 15Usually 1x at 13 to 15
weeksweeks
 Live ST vaccinesLive ST vaccines
 3 applications – 2, 6, and3 applications – 2, 6, and
12 weeks12 weeks
 Bacterin + live vaccineBacterin + live vaccine
 Live vaccine - 2 and 6Live vaccine - 2 and 6
weeksweeks
 Bacterin – 13 to 15 weeksBacterin – 13 to 15 weeks

34. SE Reduction by EQAPsSE Reduction by EQAPs
PEQAP SuccessPEQAP Success
19921992 20032003 20082008
+ Manure+ Manure
SamplesSamples (LY-1,(LY-1,
LY-2, and LY-3LY-2, and LY-3
23%23% 1.5%1.5% 1.5%1.5%
ManureManure
PositivePositive FlocksFlocks
38%38% 4.4%4.4% 6.5%6.5%
Egg PositiveEgg Positive 1.9%1.9% 2.4%2.4%

35. SE Prevalence Ohio
Year Total
Houses
Tested
No. SE
Positive
Houses
Percent
Positive
2009 386 22 5.6
2010 435 21 4.8
2011 473 10 2.1

36. From CDC
report, 2004

37. 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
SE Illnesses per 100,000 persons
Foodnet data
Egg Safety Center SE Update 2009

38. Salmonella Human Prevalence – EU
vs. US
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
CasesPer100,000
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
US
EU
Dr. Jean Guard, USDA-ARS: US – Foodnet data; EU – EFSA data

39. SE Human Prevalence – US vs. EU
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Casesper100,000
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
US
EU
Dr. Jean Guard, USDA-ARS: US – Foodnet data; EU – EFSA data

40. Egg Safety Center SE Update 2007

41. Broiler Meat and SEBroiler Meat and SE
2004 FoodNet case-control study2004 FoodNet case-control study
““A new risk factor forA new risk factor for Salmonella enteritidisSalmonella enteritidis
incidence is eating chicken prepared outside theincidence is eating chicken prepared outside the
home”.home”.

42. Number of SE + Broiler CarcassNumber of SE + Broiler Carcass
Rinses By EstablishmentRinses By Establishment
Emerging Infectious Diseases, www.cdc.gov/eid, Dec08

43. FDA Egg Safety RuleFDA Egg Safety Rule
 First proposed in 2004First proposed in 2004
 Shelved in 2008 with new administrationShelved in 2008 with new administration
 Re-submitted in 2009Re-submitted in 2009
 Announced Final Rule on July 7, 2009Announced Final Rule on July 7, 2009
 ImplementationImplementation
 July 2010 for farms over 50,000 layersJuly 2010 for farms over 50,000 layers
 July 2012 for farm between 3000 and 50,000 layersJuly 2012 for farm between 3000 and 50,000 layers
 Farms under 3000 layers exemptFarms under 3000 layers exempt

44. FDA Egg Safety RuleFDA Egg Safety Rule
 Contains components of the successful EQAPsContains components of the successful EQAPs
 Monitoring and control program for rodents andMonitoring and control program for rodents and
fliesflies
 Written SE on-farm programWritten SE on-farm program
 Training of on-farm person in charge of programTraining of on-farm person in charge of program
 Cleaning and disinfection of houses between flocksCleaning and disinfection of houses between flocks
 Chicks from NPIP SE Clean breedersChicks from NPIP SE Clean breeders
 Manure testing of pullets – 14 to 16 weeks of ageManure testing of pullets – 14 to 16 weeks of age
 Manure testing of layersManure testing of layers
 Refrigeration at 45F within 36 hours of collectingRefrigeration at 45F within 36 hours of collecting

45. FDA Egg Safety RuleFDA Egg Safety Rule
 Manure testing of layersManure testing of layers
 40 to 45 weeks of age40 to 45 weeks of age
 4 to 6 weeks post-molt4 to 6 weeks post-molt
 Egg testing if manure is SE +Egg testing if manure is SE +
 1000 eggs at 2-week intervals, 4 tests1000 eggs at 2-week intervals, 4 tests
 If all negative, no further testing and remains onIf all negative, no further testing and remains on
shell marketshell market
 If positive, must divert to pasteurization or hard-If positive, must divert to pasteurization or hard-
cookingcooking

46. FDA Egg Safety RuleFDA Egg Safety Rule
 Challenges for a national programChallenges for a national program
 Diversion of eggs very difficult in many parts of theDiversion of eggs very difficult in many parts of the
US. Producers may have to destroy flocks withoutUS. Producers may have to destroy flocks without
compensation.compensation.
 Laboratory testing capabilities are lacking in manyLaboratory testing capabilities are lacking in many
statesstates
 Laboratories will need to purchase equipment notLaboratories will need to purchase equipment not
now requirednow required
 More laboratory people will be needed for eggMore laboratory people will be needed for egg
testingtesting

47. FDA Egg Safety RuleFDA Egg Safety Rule
 Challenges (continued)Challenges (continued)
 FDA and molecular lab methods may be much moreFDA and molecular lab methods may be much more
sensitive than present leading to more egg testingsensitive than present leading to more egg testing
and diverted flocksand diverted flocks
 FDA methods more time consuming and may leadFDA methods more time consuming and may lead
to delays in diversionto delays in diversion
 Many states not willing to subsidize costs ofMany states not willing to subsidize costs of
programprogram
 TestingTesting
 AuditingAuditing
 Private laboratories are much more expensivePrivate laboratories are much more expensive

48. FDA Egg Safety RuleFDA Egg Safety Rule
 Challenges (continued)Challenges (continued)
 Farm packed eggs now refrigerate at 55FFarm packed eggs now refrigerate at 55F
 Will need to add cooler capacityWill need to add cooler capacity
 May lead to more thermal checksMay lead to more thermal checks

49. Questions??