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Solid Solutions for Your Pit
Sponsored by Elanco Animal Health
Ted Funk, PhD, PE
Funktioneering.com
Introduction
 What’s a “deep” pit and why should I care?

 What could possibly go wrong?
 How can I make my pits work better?

 How can I maintain biosecurity for my buildings with
pits?
 How can I maximize the fertilizer benefits from my pits?
 Some new pit construction booboos
A “deep pit” is:
 A container for a liquid that must be regarded as a
potential pollutant
 A reservoir that allows for timely placement of
nutrients on cropland

 A conservation component that preserves the quality
and quantity of manure nutrients for use by crops
 A structure that acts as a foundation for building floors
and walls
 A component of a building’s ventilation system
“Timely” placement? Who’s asking?
Conserving nutrients…?
Foundation for…what?

Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
Slats showing their age? Not like
diamonds…they don’t last forever.
Slat end
cracks

Flaking or
spalling
Slat

Cracks exposing
reinforcing steel

Beam

Beam
ledge
failure
Pit ventilation?—I’ll get back to
you on that…
The bigger the reservoir, the
bigger the problem, if….

Sure, this is a dairy, but the issues apply to us all.
Priorities in pit management
Safety & indoor air quality
• Protect animals and workers from toxic gases,
maintain good atmosphere in building

Environmental protection
• Inspect pits, monitor levels, manage capacity
Best use of nutrients
• 4 R’s of nutrient management: Right type,
right amount, right time, right placement
Safety issues

 Good ventilation of deep pits
 Agitation and gas emissions
 Foaming pits
Pit ventilation: How good is it?

 Practical limits to fan “reach”—15 feet?
 Structure limits on fan placement
 Ventilation stages may limit number of fans running
 Variable speed fans are REALLY variable…and
unpredictable
 Underfloor ducts—impractical?

…bottom line: pit ventilation is not really that efficient.
Put in plenty.
Pit ventilation—the critical times

Low contribution to whole vent rate
• Small pigs, cold weather
Manure level high, close to floor
• Near time to pump out pit
Very high concentrations of toxic and/or combustible gases
• Pit agitation prior to, during pumping
• Also possible when there is deep foam present
Death by pit gas: We study and study,
but still lose animals every year….

Zhao et al., 2005. Ventilating Confined Manure Storages: Progress Report, ASABE Paper No. 055019.
Agitation and Pumping





Keep people out of building
Ignition sources off
Gas supply turned off
Ventilate properly











Fans on 20-30 cfm/pig
Curtains closed if wind not blowing
Ceiling inlets open
Pumpouts sealed

Mixing fans if available
No agitation . . . if possible
No agitation until manure is 2’ below slats
If possible, agitate intermittently
No rooster tailing
Foaming pits—an old problem,
and a whole ‘nuther topic
Foam contains biogas.
Go ahead—try this at home!
…so where’s your pit ventilation now?
Tough luck, poor planning, whatever….
The pit’s full, and it’s August.
What’s your plan?
Biosecurity measures

 Well, we thought we were pretty good at biosecurity.
Then PEDV….
Biosecurity—general information

 Biosecurity Guide for Pork Producers
 National Pork Board website
Details: Manure pit pumpout port.
Management during manure removal?
Sealed lid, liquid trap panel at wall
Manure samples info
 Best sampling done during land application
 Stratification of solids, nutrients: why not sample the pit
without agitating it?

top

middle

bottom

Phosphorus as P2O5, lb/1000
gal
0.0

5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
Pit level monitoring and
management
 Water management—see NPB study “Water
Consumption and Conservation Techniques Currently
Available for Swine Production”, NPB #09-128

 80% of the water used in a building is drinking water,
so–
 Use good drinkers
 Stop the leaks

 Save big $$ on manure spreading costs
Pit level monitoring and
management

 Electronic liquid level—what are you using?

 Mechanical liquid level
 Weekly level monitoring required by regulation (US
EPA)—how are you doing that?
 Water meters and what they can do for you
Recordkeeping

 Water metering—not just for noting leaks
 Decreased intake: Onset of disease in the building?

 Insufficient intake with large pigs, hot weather: Indications
of plumbing restrictions?

Photo: www.edcheung.com
Why ASSUME you have room in
the pit?

 Check water meters daily and log
the readings
 Measure manure depth in pit
weekly, and record
 AFTER pumpdown, check for solids
& unrecoverable liquids remaining
Tools for updating and managing
your NMP

 Smart phone apps?
 UMO nutrient management
software and MMP extensions
Manure nutrient economics:
Valuing liquid manure
 Fertilizer component replacement?
 Target field fertility requirements—don’t count $$ for
something that is not needed
 Use realistic haul & apply cost credits
 http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G9330
Pit additives? Claims:

Reduce manure odor
Reduce manure toxic gases
Manage solids and crust
Retain nutrients and make more plant available

Show me.
New construction

 What can go wrong with pouring a pit?

 Construction—see Illinois Dept of Ag examples
 Perimeter tiles
 Wall penetrations
 Water stops
Concrete mix and placement quality
control—choose your contractor
carefully

Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
Honeycombing
Prevent by
vibrating or
rodding during
placement

Use proper mix

Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
Waterstop “Blowout”
Exposed Waterstop

Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
Improper installation:Expandable
waterstops placed in standing water

Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
Pouring in the rain – Standing
Water. They’ll probably get to do
this one over.

Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
Debris in a poured wall—Guess
who gets to dig this one out!
2x4

Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
Cold Weather / Snow
Plan for
conditions
Proper Mix
Protect Pour
Blankets
Leave Forms

Speed up the
curing process
Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
Floor Caps—If at first you don’t
succeed….

Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
Perimeter Drainage Tubing—
required in some situations

Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
Perimeter Drainage Tubing

Sampling
port

Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
Floor cracked by heavy
equipment. “Secure” liquid
container?

Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
Penetration by water pipe. Don’t look
now, but that grout is going to disappear,
and then…so is the manure!

Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
Proper Backfill—one of the
required details, sign of a good
contractor

Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
But enough about construction.
Back to managing what you
have:
Summary—your priorities for
deep pit management
Safety & indoor air quality
• Protect animals and workers from toxic gases,
maintain good atmosphere in building

Environmental protection
• Inspect pits, monitor levels, manage capacity
Best use of nutrients
• 4 R’s of nutrient management: Right type,
right amount, right time, right placement
Last words

 Be safe
 Track freeboard
 Have a contingency plan for land application
 Take credit for nutrients

Sponsored by Elanco Animal Health

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Dr. Ted Funk - Solid Solutions For Your Pit

  • 1. Solid Solutions for Your Pit Sponsored by Elanco Animal Health Ted Funk, PhD, PE Funktioneering.com
  • 2. Introduction  What’s a “deep” pit and why should I care?  What could possibly go wrong?  How can I make my pits work better?  How can I maintain biosecurity for my buildings with pits?  How can I maximize the fertilizer benefits from my pits?  Some new pit construction booboos
  • 3. A “deep pit” is:  A container for a liquid that must be regarded as a potential pollutant  A reservoir that allows for timely placement of nutrients on cropland  A conservation component that preserves the quality and quantity of manure nutrients for use by crops  A structure that acts as a foundation for building floors and walls  A component of a building’s ventilation system
  • 6. Foundation for…what? Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
  • 7. Slats showing their age? Not like diamonds…they don’t last forever. Slat end cracks Flaking or spalling Slat Cracks exposing reinforcing steel Beam Beam ledge failure
  • 8. Pit ventilation?—I’ll get back to you on that…
  • 9. The bigger the reservoir, the bigger the problem, if…. Sure, this is a dairy, but the issues apply to us all.
  • 10. Priorities in pit management Safety & indoor air quality • Protect animals and workers from toxic gases, maintain good atmosphere in building Environmental protection • Inspect pits, monitor levels, manage capacity Best use of nutrients • 4 R’s of nutrient management: Right type, right amount, right time, right placement
  • 11. Safety issues  Good ventilation of deep pits  Agitation and gas emissions  Foaming pits
  • 12. Pit ventilation: How good is it?  Practical limits to fan “reach”—15 feet?  Structure limits on fan placement  Ventilation stages may limit number of fans running  Variable speed fans are REALLY variable…and unpredictable  Underfloor ducts—impractical? …bottom line: pit ventilation is not really that efficient. Put in plenty.
  • 13. Pit ventilation—the critical times Low contribution to whole vent rate • Small pigs, cold weather Manure level high, close to floor • Near time to pump out pit Very high concentrations of toxic and/or combustible gases • Pit agitation prior to, during pumping • Also possible when there is deep foam present
  • 14. Death by pit gas: We study and study, but still lose animals every year…. Zhao et al., 2005. Ventilating Confined Manure Storages: Progress Report, ASABE Paper No. 055019.
  • 15. Agitation and Pumping     Keep people out of building Ignition sources off Gas supply turned off Ventilate properly          Fans on 20-30 cfm/pig Curtains closed if wind not blowing Ceiling inlets open Pumpouts sealed Mixing fans if available No agitation . . . if possible No agitation until manure is 2’ below slats If possible, agitate intermittently No rooster tailing
  • 16. Foaming pits—an old problem, and a whole ‘nuther topic
  • 17. Foam contains biogas. Go ahead—try this at home!
  • 18. …so where’s your pit ventilation now?
  • 19. Tough luck, poor planning, whatever…. The pit’s full, and it’s August. What’s your plan?
  • 20. Biosecurity measures  Well, we thought we were pretty good at biosecurity. Then PEDV….
  • 21. Biosecurity—general information  Biosecurity Guide for Pork Producers  National Pork Board website
  • 22. Details: Manure pit pumpout port. Management during manure removal? Sealed lid, liquid trap panel at wall
  • 23. Manure samples info  Best sampling done during land application  Stratification of solids, nutrients: why not sample the pit without agitating it? top middle bottom Phosphorus as P2O5, lb/1000 gal 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
  • 24. Pit level monitoring and management  Water management—see NPB study “Water Consumption and Conservation Techniques Currently Available for Swine Production”, NPB #09-128  80% of the water used in a building is drinking water, so–  Use good drinkers  Stop the leaks  Save big $$ on manure spreading costs
  • 25. Pit level monitoring and management  Electronic liquid level—what are you using?  Mechanical liquid level  Weekly level monitoring required by regulation (US EPA)—how are you doing that?  Water meters and what they can do for you
  • 26. Recordkeeping  Water metering—not just for noting leaks  Decreased intake: Onset of disease in the building?  Insufficient intake with large pigs, hot weather: Indications of plumbing restrictions? Photo: www.edcheung.com
  • 27. Why ASSUME you have room in the pit?  Check water meters daily and log the readings  Measure manure depth in pit weekly, and record  AFTER pumpdown, check for solids & unrecoverable liquids remaining
  • 28. Tools for updating and managing your NMP  Smart phone apps?  UMO nutrient management software and MMP extensions
  • 29. Manure nutrient economics: Valuing liquid manure  Fertilizer component replacement?  Target field fertility requirements—don’t count $$ for something that is not needed  Use realistic haul & apply cost credits  http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G9330
  • 30. Pit additives? Claims: Reduce manure odor Reduce manure toxic gases Manage solids and crust Retain nutrients and make more plant available Show me.
  • 31. New construction  What can go wrong with pouring a pit?  Construction—see Illinois Dept of Ag examples  Perimeter tiles  Wall penetrations  Water stops
  • 32. Concrete mix and placement quality control—choose your contractor carefully Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
  • 33. Honeycombing Prevent by vibrating or rodding during placement Use proper mix Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
  • 34. Waterstop “Blowout” Exposed Waterstop Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
  • 35. Improper installation:Expandable waterstops placed in standing water Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
  • 36. Pouring in the rain – Standing Water. They’ll probably get to do this one over. Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
  • 37. Debris in a poured wall—Guess who gets to dig this one out! 2x4 Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
  • 38. Cold Weather / Snow Plan for conditions Proper Mix Protect Pour Blankets Leave Forms Speed up the curing process Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
  • 39. Floor Caps—If at first you don’t succeed…. Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
  • 40. Perimeter Drainage Tubing— required in some situations Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
  • 41. Perimeter Drainage Tubing Sampling port Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
  • 42. Floor cracked by heavy equipment. “Secure” liquid container? Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
  • 43. Penetration by water pipe. Don’t look now, but that grout is going to disappear, and then…so is the manure! Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
  • 44. Proper Backfill—one of the required details, sign of a good contractor Photo credit: Illinois Department of Agriculture
  • 45. But enough about construction. Back to managing what you have:
  • 46. Summary—your priorities for deep pit management Safety & indoor air quality • Protect animals and workers from toxic gases, maintain good atmosphere in building Environmental protection • Inspect pits, monitor levels, manage capacity Best use of nutrients • 4 R’s of nutrient management: Right type, right amount, right time, right placement
  • 47. Last words  Be safe  Track freeboard  Have a contingency plan for land application  Take credit for nutrients Sponsored by Elanco Animal Health