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Measure area of irregular shape:
• Graph paper
Measure volume of liquid:
READ,UNDERSTAND….REMEMBER!!!!!! • Measuring cylinder
• Burette
• Pipette
PMR
CHAPTER 2
SCIENCE
Structure of cell and its function
Chloroplast
CREATED BY CIKGU IRWAN@2011 Nucleus • Produces chlorophyll
• Cell control centre
FORM 1 Cell membrane Vacuole
CHAPTER 1 • Controls the entry and exit of
materials from the cell
• Contains water and
solute
Mass
• Mass is the quantity of matter in an object. Cytoplasm Cell wall
• SI unit : Kilogram (kg) • Stores dissolved materials • Maintains the shape of
the cell
• Lever balance
Weight Unicellular organism
• Weight is the pull of gravity on an object Plant :
• SI unit : Newton (N) • Chlamydomonas
• Spring balance • Yeast
• Euglena
Basic physical quantities & S.I.
Animal :
Physical SI Unit • Amoeba
quantities • Paramecium
Length Metre (m) • Plasmodium
Mass Kilogram (kg)
Time Second (s) Multicellular organisms:
Temperature Kelvin (K) Plant :
Electric current Ampere (A) • Spirogyra
• Sea weed
Measuring tools • Grass
Length :
• Measuring tape Animal :
• Metre rule • Eagle
• Calipers • Squirrel
• Ant
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• Unit : g/cm3
Cell organisation Density formula:
Cell → Tissue → Organ → System → Organism Density = ____mass of substance (g)___
Volume of substance (cm3)
System and function
Skeleton system: CHAPTER 4
• Protects internal organs and gives support to the body Basic resources of earth :
Blood circulation system: • Water
• Transport dissolved food, gases, and waste materials • Air
Nervous system: • Soil
• Conveys nerve impulses and reacts to stimuli • Living things
Reproductive system: • Minerals
• Produces reproductive cells • Fossil fuels
Respiratory system:
• Enables the exchange of gases with the surroundings Classification of matter:
Excretory system: Matter is classified into:
• Removes wastes materials from the body Metal
Digestive system: 1. Element
Non - Metal
• Breaks up food into simples form to be absorbed and used by the
body • Substance which is made up of one type of particle only
Muscular system: 2. Compound
• Moves the parts of the body • Substance that is made up of two or more types of elements.
• Chemically combined
CHAPTER 3 • Separation method : electrolysis
What is matter? 3. Mixture
• Matter is everything that has mass and occupies space • Substance that consist of two or more substance
• Matter is made up of tiny particles • Joined physically
Matter exist in either: • Separation method :
Solid: Liquid : Gas : o Distillation
o Filtration
CHAPTER 5
Contents of air:
• Nitrogen : 78%
Particles Particles Particles • Oxygen : 21%
vibrate in move move fast • Carbon dioxide : 0.03%
their gliding and • Inert gases : 0.9%
position among each randomly • Microorganisms
other • Water vapour
Density: • Dust
• Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance.
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Properties of oxygen: CHAPTER 6
• Colourless, odourless and tasteless gas FORMS of energy:
• slightly on water • Potential energy
• no effect on litmus paper • Kinetic energy
• supports combustion and respiration • Heat energy
Confirmation test for Oxygen: • Light energy
Glowing wooden splinter: • Chemical energy
• Presence of oxygen causes the glowing wooden splinter to • Sound energy
ignites. • Electrical energy
Properties of carbon dioxide: • Nuclear energy
• Colourless, odourless and tasteless gas
• Slightly soluble in water Potential energy:
• Very soluble in sodium hydroxide • Energy stored in an object due to its position or condition
• Changes moist blue litmus paper from blue to red Kinetic energy:
Confirmation test for carbon dioxide: • Energy stored in any moving object
Limewater test: Heat energy:
• Carbon dioxide turns the limewater cloudy • Is a type of energy that rises the temperature of an object.
Respiration Light energy:
Carbon dioxide
• Energy that enables us to see
Oxygen Chemical energy:
Energy • Energy stored in chemical substances
water • Eq: Food, battery, fuel
Glucose
Sound energy:
• Energy that is produced in vibrating object
Glucose + oxygen water + carbon dioxide + energy Electrical energy:
• Is produced by an electric charge or current
Comparison between inhaled and exhaled air: Nuclear energy:
Inhaled Exhaled • Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom
Nitrogen – 78% Nitrogen – 78%
Inert gases – 0.9% Inert gases – 0.9% SOURCES of Energy:
Oxygen – 21% Oxygen – 16% • Fossil fuels
Carbon dioxide – Carbon dioxide – • Biomass fuels
0.03% 0.03% • Wind
• Water
Combustion: • Sun
• Radioactive substances
Carbon + oxygen Light E. + Heat E. + carbon dioxide
• Geothermal energy
Hydrocarbon + oxygen Light E. + Heat E. + carbon dioxide + water
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Renewable & Non-renewable energy sources Sea breeze:
Renewable energy sources:
• Solar
• Water
• Wind
• Biomass
• Geothermal Physical process that involved in the change of states of matter.
• Wave/tidal
solid
Non-renewable:
• fossil fuels
• radioactive substances
CHAPTER 7
• heat is a form of energy Liquid Gas
• heat can be produced by the following ways:
o rubbing two objects together Absorption of heat:
o burning objects • Durk and dull objects absorbs heat better than shiny objects
o electricity that runs through a coiled wire Gives out heat:
• heat causes solids, liquids and gases to expand and contract • A dull, dark surface, gives out heat better than white shiny
• differences between heat and temperature surface.
Heat Temperature
A form of energy The degree of FORM 2
hotness or coldness CHAPTER 1
of a substance Sensory organs:
Unit = Joule (J) Unit = Kelvins (K) Skin:
• sense of touch
Heat flows in three different ways: • Stimuli : hot, cold, pain, pressure, touch
1. Conduction Nose:
• is the flow of heat through solid • sense of smell
2. Convection • Stimuli : Chemical substance in the air
• is the flow of heat through fluids such as in gases and in liquids Tongue:
3. Radiation • Sense of taste
• is the transfer of heat through vacuum • Stimuli:Chemical substance in the food
(Heat flows from hotter area to colder area) Ear:
• sense of hearing
Land breeze: • Stimuli: sound
Eye:
• At night • sense of sight
• Sea is warmer than land
• Stimuli: light
• Cool air from land flows to
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Properties of light:
• light can be reflected and refracted CHAPTER 2
Defects of vision: Classes of food:
1. long sighted Carbohydrate:
• Can see far objects clearly • supply energy
• Image formed behind retina Protein:
• Causes: • needed for growth
- eyeball too small/short • produce new cells
- lens too thin fats:
• correction – Use convex lens • insulator of heat for the body
2. short sighted • supply energy
• can see near objects clearly water:
• image formed infront of retina • helps transport excretory products from cells to excretory organs
• causes: • helps the digestion of food
- eye ball too big/long vitamins:
- Lens too thick • maintain good health
• correction – use concave lens Minerals:
Properties of sound: • maintain good health
• is a form of energy Fibre:
• produced by vibrating objects • helps in peristalsis
• travels in the form of waves • prevents constipation
• can be reflected (echo)
• can be absorbed FOOD TESTS
• can only travel through medium Starch:
• cannot travel through vacuum • a few drops of iodine solution is added to food sample
• +ve result = It turns Dark Blue
Stimuli and responses in plants: Glucose:
Phototropism: • Benedict’s Solution is added to the food sample and heated
• Stimuli – Light • +ve result = Brick red precipitate formed
• Response to obtain sunlight Protein:
Geotropism: • Millon’s reagent is added to the food sample and heated
• Stimuli – gravity • +ve result = Brick red precipitate formed
• Response to root itself firmly in the soil/to obtain mineral salts Fats:
and water • A little food sample is placed on a piece of filter paper
Hydrotropism: • +ve result = A translucent spot is detected.
• stimuli – water
• Response to obtain water and mineral salts DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Thigmotropism: Mouth Oesophagus Stomach Duodenum
• Stimuli – touch
• Response to obtain support and light Rectum Large intestine Small intestine
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END PRODUCT OF DIGESTION Plant Kingdom
Starch glucose
Protein amino acids Flowering plant Non-Flowering plant
Fat Fatty acid + glycerol
Monocotyledons Ferns
CHAPTER 3 (Plants with only one cotyledon)
• Leaves with parallel veins Mosses
Animal kingdom: • Have fibrous roots
Fungi
• Eq: Paddy,oil palm, maize
Vertebrates: Inverertebrates:
Have backbones No backbones Algae
Dicotyledons
(Plants with two cotyledon) Conifer
Mammals
• Body covered with hair/fur • Have net veined leaves
• Breath through lungs • Have tap roots
• Give birth to young alive • Eq: beans, hibiscus, rubber
Warm trees
Birds Blooded
• Body covered with feathers Breath CHAPTER 4
• Breath through lungs Through Species:
• Lay eggs lungs
• Have wings • A group of the same kind of organisms with common
characteristics
Reptiles Population :
• Body covered with dry scales
• Lay eggs
• a group of organisms of the same species living and
reproducing in a defined area
Amphibians Community :
• Live on both land and water • is made up of different populations of organisms living
• Breath through lungs &
moist skin
together in a habitat
• Have moist skin Ecosystem :
• Lay eggs • consists of plants, animals and the non-living environment
Fish interacting with each other for living
• Live in water Habitat :
• Breath through gills
• Body covered with slimy • a place where an organism lives
scales
• Have fins
Interaction between living organism:
1. Prey-predator
• Predator : animal that hunts other animals for food
• Prey : The animal being hunted
(hubungan pemangsa-mangsa)
2. Symbiosis
a) Commensalism
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• satu pihak mendapat faedah dan pihak yang satu lagi tidak Test for presence of water:
ada kesan –ve atau +ve • Cobalt chloride paper changes from blue to pink
b) Mutualism Composition of water
• Kedua-dua pihak mendapat faedah • Water is a compound, made up of 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1
c) Parasitism atom of oxygen
• Satu pihak mendapat mendapat faedah dan satu pihak rugi • H2O
3. Competition Evaporation
• interaksi antara organisma untuk keperluan yang sama • is a process by which liquid changes into water vapour at any
temperature
Biological control • Factors affecting evaporation:
• is a control of pests by the introduction of their natural o Surface area
enemy o Humidity
Food web o Movement of air
• Producer (Selalunya tumbuhan) o Temperature of surroundings
• Primary consumer (Yang memakan tumbuhan-Producer) Solution & Solubility
• Secondary consumer(Yang memakan Primary consumer) a) Solution
• Tertiary consumer(Yang memakan Secondary consumer) • a mixture of solute and solvent
• Decomposers (pengurai bahan atau organisma yang sudah b) Solvent
mati) • Liquid that dissolves a substance
Photosynthesis c) Solute
• merupakan process membuat makanan oleh tumbuhan hijau • A substance that is dissolved)
1. Dilute solution
Carbon sunlight
+ Water glucose + Oxygen • a solution that contains very little solute
dioxide chlorophyll
2. Concentrated solution
Conservation • Solution that contain a lot of solute
• means proper management on the use of natural resources to 3. Saturated solution
maintain future accessibility • Solution that contains the maximum amount of solute and
Preservation cannot dissolve any more solute
• Measures taken to maintain living organisms and the natural
environment in their natural balance state Factors affecting solubility
• Nature of the solute
CHAPTER 5 • Nature of the solvent
Physical characteristics of water • Temperature of the solvent
• water can exist in 3 states : Solid, liquid, gas ACID
• Colourless, tasteless, odourless at room temperature • Taste sour
• Freezing point of pure water : 0oC • Corrosive
• Boiling point of pure water : 100 oC • pH less than 7
• Density of pure water : 1 g/cm3 • Change wet blue litmus paper to red
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ALKALIS TYPE OF FORCE
• Taste bitter and soapy • Frictional force
• Corrosive o Occurs when two surface in contact
• pH more than 7 o Always opposes the motion of the object
• Change wet blue litmus paper to red o Acts in the opposite direction to movement
PURIFICATION o Can slow down or stop moving object
1. Filtration • Gravitational force
• strength – Remove large insoluble solids o Force that pull objects to the earth
• Can’t remove dissolve substance & microorganism o Causes all objects to have weight
2. Boiling • Electrostatic force
• Strengh – kills microorganisms o Force of attraction or repulsion between charged substance
• Can’t remove insoluble particles & dissolve substance o Enables charge substance to attract neutral substance such
3. Distillation as small pieces of paper
• Strengh – removes insoluble and dissolve substance/ removes o Same charges repel each other
microorganisms o Different charges attract each other
• Tasteless • Magnetic force
4. Chlorination o Enables a magnet to attract magnetic substances like iron,
• Strengh – kills microorganism nickel and cobalt
• Can’t remove insoluble particles & dissolved substance WORK
• Work is said to be done when a force moves an object over a
CHAPTER 6 distance in the direction of the force
Kinetic theory of gas • Equation for calculating work done:
• gas particles move freely in all direction
Work (joule) = Force (Newton) x distance (metre)
• Gas particles collide with the wall of the container and bounce
back POWER
• A force is exerted by the particles onto the wall • Power is the rate of doing work, which means the amount of
• This force produces a pressure on the walls of the container work done per unit time.
Factors affecting Air pressure (AP) • Power can be calculated using the equation:
Volume Temperature
Work done (joules)
Volume ↑ = AP Temperature ↑ = AP ↑ Power (watts) =
Time taken (seconds)
↓
Volume ↓ = AP Temperature ↓ = AP ↓ CHAPTER 8
↑ Vertebrates have
1. Endoskeleton
CHAPTER 7 • also known as internal skeleton
FORCE • Made up of bones and cartilage
• Is an act of push and pull Invertebrates have
• Cannot be seen 1. Exoskeleton
• EFFECT can be seen or felt • Made of cuticle or calcium carbonate
• Has magnitude and direction • Examples animals: centipede, ant, crab
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2. Hydrostatic skeleton
• Consist of a muscular wall which encloses a body cavity that is FACTORS AFFECTING THE STABILITY OF AN OBJECT
filled with fluid 1. The position of the centre of gravity.
• This body fluid pressure gives support and shape to the animal • the lower the centre of gravity, the more stable the object
• Examples animals: earthworm, leech, jellyfish 2. The base area
SUPPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS • The wider the base area, the more stable the object
Buttress Root
• thick and wide roots that grow from the stem above the ground CHAPTER 10
• e.q: Angsana tree, durian tree LEVER
Prop roots • is a simple machine
• Roots which grow from the stem or branches • makes work easier
• E.q.: pandan plant, maize plant • have 3 parts :
Prickles o F = Fulcrum
• An outgrouwth of the epidermis and can be easily removed from o E = Effort
the stem. o L = Load
• E.q: Rose CLASSES OF LEVER
Tendrils Notice the middle part of the lever
• Curly string-like structures modified from stems and leaves L F E = 1st class
• Curl and twine round parts of other plants or objects to help the
plant to climb F L E = 2nd class
• E.q: Cucumber plant, bitter gourd, pumpkin
Stilt roots F E L = 3rd class
• Roots that develop from the main stem and grow into the ground
for support. THE MOMENT OF FORCE
• E.q: Mangrove tree (Bakau) • The SI unit for moment of force
Clasping roots = Newton-metre (Nm)
• Roots that grip onto other plants or structure to get support • Formula for moment of force:
• E.q: betel vine (sirih), orchid Perpendicular distance from the
Moment of force Force
Thorns (duri) (Nm) = (N) X pivot to the force
• Sharp modified branches that cannot be easily removed (m)
• Act as hooks to hold on to supports.
• E.q: Bouganvillea (Bunga Kertas) LEVER IN EQUILIBRIUM
• when a lever is in equilibrium, the sum of the anticlockwise
CHAPTER 9 moments is equal to the sum of the clockwise moments.
The point of equilibrium • The principle of moments can be represented by the following
• is the point where the whole weight of an object appears to act formula:
on.
• It is also the point which an object can be balanced on and it is Load Distance of load Effort Distance of effort
X from the fulcrum = X from the fulcrum
(L) (E)
present in all objects.
• It is also known as the centre of gravity of the object
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