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Hip test-complete1

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Hip test-complete1

  1. 1. Hip Examination
  2. 2. Applied anatomy • The hip joint is multiaxial ball-and-socket joint. • comprised of – femoral head – articulates – acetabulum
  3. 3. Applied anatomy
  4. 4. Applied anatomy
  5. 5. Inspection
  6. 6. Gait ดูการเดิน มเีดินกะเผลก (anthalgic gait) หรือไม่ และการยืนของผู้ป่วย ลักษณะการเดินมกีารเคลื่อนไหว มากน้อยเพียงใด เปรียบเทยีบกันทงั้สองด้าน •พยาธิสภาพที่ข้อสะโพก การเดินของผู้ป่วยมกั เคลื่อนไหวของสะโพกน้อย มกัลงนำ้าหนักข้างทดีี่ ในทา่ นอนจะพบว่าขายาวไม่เทา่กัน (Apparent shortening) •ตรวจ Trendelenburg test โดยให้ผู้ป่วยยืนลงนำ้า หนักบนขาข้างหนงึ่ และยกเข่าของข้างตรงข้าม ตาม ปกติระดับของกระดูก Pelvis จะยกขึ้นในด้านที่ไมไ่ด้ลง นำ้าหนัก แต่ถ้ามพียาธิสภาพในข้อสะโพก เช่น Congenital dislocation หรือ การอ่อนแรงของกล้าม
  7. 7. Trendelenburg test
  8. 8. Leg length discrepancy ภาวะที่มีความแตกต่าง ของความยาวขาสองข้าง ดูว่า มีภาวะ pelvic obliquity หรือ ไม่ ให้ผู้ป่วยยืนตรง เท้า เปล่าเหยียบพื้น เข่าตรง ผู้ ตรวจจับที่ iliac crest ของ ผู้ ป่วยทงั้สองข้าง ถ้าระดับไม่ เท่ากัน แสดงว่ามีภาวะ pelvic obliquity ให้ตรวจ true leg length และ functional leg
  9. 9. True leg length discrepancy 1.วัดจาก ASIS ไปถึง medial malleolus 2.วัดจาก ASIS ไปถึง lateral malleolus ถ้าความยาวแตกต่างกันมากกว่า 5 cm ถือว่า แตกต่างอย่างมีนัยสำาคัญ แสดงถึงความยาวของ ค่าทไี่ม่เท่ากัน จากนั้นดูต่อว่าเป็นทคี่วามยาว ของ femur หรือ tibia ที่ยาวไม่เท่ากัน
  10. 10. Test for Measuring femoral lengths • ให้ผู้ป่วยนอนหงาย งอเข่าและสะโพก 90° • ถ้ามีกระดูก femur ทยี่าวกว่าอีกข้างหนงึ่ ขาข้าง นั้นจะอยู่สูงกว่า
  11. 11. Test for Measuring tibia lengths (Prone knee flexion test) • ให้ผู้ป่วยนอนควำ่า งอเข่า 90° เปรียบเทียบความ สูงของส้นเท้า • ถ้ามีกระดูก tibia ทสี่นั้กว่าอีกข้างหนงึ่ ขาข้าง นั้นจะอยู่ตำ่ากว่า
  12. 12. Functional leg length discrepancy • วัดจาก umbilicus ไป ถึง medial malleolus • ถ้าวัด true leg length discrepancy ไม่แตก ต่าง แต่ functional leg length discrepancy มีความ แตกต่างอาจเกิดจาก ภาวะ scoliosis, ความ ผิดรูปของกระดูก เชิงกราน หรือมี abduction/adductio n contructure ของ
  13. 13. Hip dislocation • Posterior hip dislocation : สะโพกจะอยู่ใน ท่า flexion, adduction และ internal rotation ไม่สามารถขยับเหยียดได้ทงั้ active และ passive • Anterior hip dislocation : สะโพกจะอยใู่นท่า abduction และ external rotation
  14. 14. การตรวจข้อตะโพกที่สงสัยว่ามี การอักเสบ • ข้อสะโพกอาจอยใู่นท่า flexion และ adduction เนื่องจากปวด เกิดการหดเกร็งของ adductor muscle • Fabere test : ให้ผู้ป่วยงอเข่าขางหนึ่ง โดยวาง เท้าอยทูี่่บริเวณกระดูก patella ของเข่าอีกข้าง หนึ่ง ใช้มือดันเข่าข้างนั้นลงติดพนื้เพอื่ให้ขาหมุน ออก หมุนข้อสะโพกเข้าด้านใน โดยจับเข่าหมุน เข้าข้างในและเท้าหมุนออกข้างนอก ถ้ามีการ อักเสบที่ข้อสะโพก จะดันเข่าข้างนั้นไดน้อยและ จะปวดที่สะโพก
  15. 15. Palpation
  16. 16. การคลำา • คลำาตำาแหน่ง landmarks ทสี่ำาคัญ ได้แก่ ASIS, iliac crest, lesser trochanter, greater trochanter, pubis ดูว่ามีอาการเจ็บหรือไม่ อาจเกิด avultion fracture ทบี่ริเวณดังกล่าว ได้ • การคลำา hip joint ให้คลำา lateral ต่อ femoral pulse มา 2 cm และลงมาอีก 2 cm ถ้ามีภาวะ อักเสบหรือติดเชื้อของข้อ หรือมีภาวะกระดูกข้อ สะโพกหัก จะทำาให้กดเจ็บบริเวณนไี้ด้
  17. 17. Manipulatio n
  18. 18. การขยับ ให้ตรวจการทำางานของกล้ามเนื้อต่าง ๆ ดังนี้
  19. 19. Flexion
  20. 20. Extension
  21. 21. Abduction
  22. 22. Adduction
  23. 23. Medial rotation & Lateral rotation
  24. 24. Resisted isometric movement
  25. 25. Resisted isometric movements Resisted isometric movements around the hip. (A) Flexion. (B) Extension. (C) Adduction. (D) Abduction. (E) Medial rotation. (F) Lateral rotation. (G) Knee flex-on. (H) Knee extension
  26. 26. Functional assessment
  27. 27. Special Tests Patrick's Test (Faber or Figure- Four Test) ท่าเตรียม : supine และ flexion, abduction, and external rotation ของ hip (คล้ายเลข4) วิธีตรวจ : foot of the test leg is on top of the knee of the opposite leg : examiner then slowly lowers the knee of the test leg toward the examining table
  28. 28. Special Tests Patrick's Test (Faber or Figure-Four Test) (Cont.) • Negative : leg's knee falling to the table or at least being parallel with the opposite leg. • Positive : leg's knee remaining above the opposite straight leg. – hip joint ,ilio-psoas spasm, or the sacroiliac joint
  29. 29. Special Tests Trendelenburg's Sign ประเมิน : Assess stability of the hip and ability of the hip abductors to stabilize the pelvis on the femur วิธีตรวจ : stand on one lower limb • Negative : • Positive : pelvis on the opposite side (nonstance side) drops when the patient stands on the affected leg – weak gluteus medius – an unstable hip on the affected or stance side
  30. 30. Special Tests Anterior Labral Tear Test ท่าเตรียม : supine position ,Take hip full flexion, lateral rotation, abduction วิธีตรวจ : extends hip, medial rotation, adduction • Positive : pain, reproduction patient’s symptom
  31. 31. Special Tests Posterior Labral Tear Test ท่าเตรียม : Supine position, Take hip full flexion, adduction, medial rotation วิธีตรวจ : extends hip, abduction and lateral rotation • Positive : pain, reproduction patient’s symptom
  32. 32. Special Tests Craig's Test ประเมิน : femoral anteversion or forward torsion of the femoral neck : degree of the femoral neck with the with the femoral condyle(normal 8o – 15o) ท่าเตรียม : patient lies prone with the knee flexed to 90° วิธีตรวจ : palpates the posterior aspect of the greater trochanter of the femur passively rotated medially and laterally  common clinical finding of excessive anteversion is excessive medial hip rotation (more than 60°) and decreased lateral rotation retroversion = plane of the femoral neck rotates backward in relation to the coronal condylar plane or the acetabulum itself may be retroverted
  33. 33. Special Tests Torque Test ประเมิน : Supine position ท่าเตรียม : supine close to the edge of the examining table with the femur of the test leg extended over the edge of the table วิธีตรวจ : one hand to medially rotate the femur to the end of range and the other hand to apply a slow posterolateral pressure along the line of the neck of the femur for 20 seconds to stress the capsular ligaments and test the stability of the hip joint
  34. 34. Special Tests Stinchfield Test วิธีตรวจ : supine and flex hip with knee straight to 30° of hip flexion against resistance • Positive : Hip or groin pain  hip pathology : Posterior hip pain or back pain  lumbar or sacroiliac pathology
  35. 35. Special Tests Nelaton's Line • Imaginary line drawn from the ischial tuberosity of the pelvis to theASIS of the pelvis on the same side • Positive : greater trochanter of the femur is palpated well above the line – dislocated hip – coxa vara
  36. 36. Special Tests Bryant's Triangle • imaginary perpendicular Iine : ASIS of t pelvis  examining table (A) • Second imaginary line : ASIS of t pelvis  tip of greater trochanter (B) • Third imaginary line : B  A • Positive : – two sides are compared = Difference • coxa vara • Congeni dislocation of the hip A B C
  37. 37. Special Tests Rotational Deformities ท่าเตรียม : supine with the lower limbs straight วิธีตรวจ : examiner looks at the patellae • Patellae face in ; medial rotation of femur or tibia. • Patellae face up, out, away ; lateral rotation of femur or tibia
  38. 38. Pediatric Tests Ortolani's Sign ประเมิน : congenital dislocation of the hip Negative : highly suggestive that the problem (i.e., congenital dislocation of the hip) Positive : does not necessarily rule out the problem
  39. 39. Pediatric Tests Barlow’s ประเมิน : developmental dysplasia of hip : used for infants up to 6 month • Positive : hip dislocation
  40. 40. Pediatric Tests Galeazzi Sign (Allis or Galeazzi Test) ประเมิน : unilateral congenital dislocation of the hip unilateral development dysplasia of the hip 3 to 18 months of age วิธีตรวจ : supine ,knees flexed ,hips flexed to 90°. : • Positive : one knee is higher than the other
  41. 41. Pediatric Tests Telescoping Sign (Piston or Dupuytren's Test). ประเมิน : child with a dislocated hip ท่าเตรียม: supine position วิธีตรวจ : flexes the knee and hip to 90° , The femur is push down and lift up • Negative : normal hip, little movement occcurs with this action • Positive : excessive movement is called telescoping, or pistoning
  42. 42. Pediatric Tests Abduction Test (Harts' Sign) ประเมิน : congenital dislocation, developmental dysplasia ท่าเตรียม : supine with the hips and knees flexed to 90° วิธีตรวจ : passively abducts both legs, noting any asymmetry or limitation of movement • If one hip is dislocated, that shows asymmetry of fat folds in the gluteal and upper leg area
  43. 43. The Weber-Barstow maneuver for leg length asymmetry • Patient lifts hips off bed then comparing height of medial malleolus with the legs extended (Leg length discrepancy)
  44. 44. Tests for Muscle Tightness or Pathology
  45. 45. Sign of the Buttock • Passively straight leg raised. If there is limitation, the examiner flexes the patient's knee to see whether further hip flexion can be obtained. • If hip flexion does not increase, the lesion is in the buttock or the hip, not the sciatic nerve or hamstring muscles.
  46. 46. Thomas Test (A) Negative test (B) Positive test • Test : assess a hip flexion contracture of the hip • positive test. : the patient's straight leg rises off the table and a muscle stretch end feel will be felt .
  47. 47. Rectus Femoris Contracture Test (Kendall Test) • The movement leg is brought to the chest • Negative test : (A). The test leg remains bent over the end of the examining table • Positive test : (B) The test leg have knee extends
  48. 48. Ely's Test (Tight Rectus Femoris) • The patient lies prone, passively flexes the patient's knee. • Positive test : On flexion of the knee, the patient's hip on the same side spontaneously flexes, indicating that the rectus femoris muscle is tight on that
  49. 49. Ober's Test • Test : assess the tensor fasciae latae (iliotibial band) for contracture • Lying position with the lower leg flexed at the hip and knee for stability. Passively abducts and extends upper leg with knee straight or flexed to 90°. • positive test : if a contracture is present, the
  50. 50. Noble Compression Test • Determind : iliotibial band friction syndrome • Positive test : severe pain over the lateral femoral condyle
  51. 51. Piriformis Test The patient is in the side lying position flexes the test hip to 60° with the knee flexed. The examiner stabilizes the hip with one hand and applies a downward pressure to the knee • Test : piriformis syndrome • Positive : If the piriformis muscle is tight, pain is elicited in the muscle. If the piriformis muscle is pinching the sciatic nerve, pain results in the buttock
  52. 52. Test for Hamstrings Contracture
  53. 53. 1) 90-90 Straight Leg Raising Test • Normal flexibility in the hamstrings : knee extensior should be within 20° of full extension • Positive : if the hamstrings are tight, the end feel will be muscle stretch
  54. 54. 1) 90-90 Straight Leg Raising Test • modify to test the length of gluteus Flex hip flex knee maximus. • If the thigh flexes 110° to 120° before the ASIS moves up, gluteus maximus length is normal. • If the ASIS moves up before the thigh
  55. 55. 2) Hamstrings Contracture Test Pt sit with one knee flexed against the chest to stabilize the pelvis and the other knee extended. then flex the trunk and touch the toes of the extended lower limb with the fingers. Repeated on the other side. • Normally, the patient should be able to at least touch the toes while keeping the knee extended. • If he is unable to do so, it is an indication of tight hamstrings on the straight leg.
  56. 56. 3) Tripod Sign patient is seated with both knees flexed to 90° over the table The examiner then passively extends one knee. If the hamstring muscles on that side are tight, the patient extends the trunk to relieve the tension in the hamstring The leg is returned to its starting position, and the other leg is tested and compared with the first side. • Passively extends one knee. If the hamstring muscles on that side are tight, the patient extends the trunk to relieve the tension in the hamstring.
  57. 57. Phelps' Test • The examiner passively abducts both of the patient's legs as far as possible. The knees are then flexed to 90° and the examiner tries to abduct the hips further. • If abduction increase the test is considered positive for contracture of the
  58. 58. Tightness of Hip Rotators Pt lie supine with the hip and knee flexed to 90 •Tightness of the lateral rotators : medial rotate hip by rotating the leg outward. •If the lateral rotators are tight : medial rotation will be less than 30° to 40° and the end feel will be muscle stretch rather than tissue (capsular) stretch.
  59. 59. Lateral Step Down Manoeuver (Pelvis Drop Test) • Stand up straight on the step one foot. slowly lowers the nonweight - bearing leg to the floor. (A) Negative test - normal (B) Positive test - pelvis drop
  60. 60. Fulcrum Test of the Hip • Assess for possible stress fracture of the femoral shaft • Places arm under femur and carefully applies a downward force at the knee. • The fulcrum arm is move from distal to proximal along the thigh as gentle pressure. If a stress
  61. 61. Cutaneous Distribution
  62. 62. Dermatomes around the hip
  63. 63. Referred pain around the hip. •Right side demonstrates referral to the hip. •Left side shows referral from hip True hip pain is usually referred to the groin, but it may also be referred to the ankle, knee, lumbar spine, and sacroiliac joints Similarly, the knee, sacroiliac joints, and lumbar spine may refer pain to the hip
  64. 64. Referred pain around the hip.
  65. 65. Peripheral Nerve Injuries About the Hip
  66. 66. Sciatic Nerve (L4 through S3) • Injured in the pelvis or upper femur area (e.g., posterior hip dislocation) • Hamstrings and all muscles below the knee can be affected. • Result : high steppage gait with an inability to stand on the heel or toes • compressed by the
  67. 67. Superior Gluteal Nerve (L4 through S1) • Weakness of Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus, Tensor fasciae latae • Hip : medial rotated, and weakness of the hip abductors resulting in a Trendelenburg's gait.
  68. 68. Femoral Nerve (L2 through L4) • compressed during childbirth, ant. dislocation of femur or traumatic surgery. • Not able to : flex the thigh on the trunk or extend the knee. • Reflex : lost deep tendon knee reflex • Sensory loss : medial side of thigh (ant.
  69. 69. Obturator Nerve (L2 through L4) • Caused by pelvic or hip surgery, pregnancy(obstetric palsy), fractures or tumors • Controls primarily the adductors, hip adduction is affected, as are knee flexion and hip lateral rotation • Sensory deficit is small ; medial part
  70. 70. Joint Play Movements • Patient in the supine position. • The examiner should attempt to compare the amounts of available movement on the two sides.
  71. 71. 1. Caudal Glide of the femur (long leg traction or long-axis extension The examiner places both han around the patient's leg, slightly above the ankle. Thexaminer then leans back, applying a long-axis extension (traction) to the entire lower limb. Part of th movement occurs in the knee. If one suspects som pathology in the knee or the knee is stiff, both han should be placed around the thigh just proximal to th knee, and traction force should again be applied ( e Fig. 11-54A). The first method enables the examine to apply a greater force. During the movement, an telescoping or excessive movement occurring in th hip should be
  72. 72. 2. Compression The examiner places the patient’s knee in the resting position and then applies a compressive force to the hip through the longitudinal of the femur by pushing through the femoral condyle
  73. 73. 3. Lateral Distraction hand ; placing a wide strap around the leg as high up in the groin as possible. The strap is then wrapped around the examiner's buttock The examiner leans back, using the buttocks to apply the distraction force to the hip. The proximal palpate the hip or greater trochanter movement, distal hand prevents abduction of the leg, and, hence, torque to the hip
  74. 74. 4. Quadrant (Scouring) Tests The examiner flex and adducts the patient's hip so that the hip faces the patient's opposite shoulder and resistance to the movement is felt. As slight resistance is maintained, the patient's hip is taken into abduction while maintaining flexion in an arc of movement. As the movement is performed, the examiner should look for any irregularity in the movement (e.g., "bumps"), pain, or patient apprehension, which may give an indication of where the pathology is occurring in the hip

Notes de l'éditeur

  • เป็นการตรวจข้อ sacro-iliac ในท่านอนหงาย โดยการวางพับขาข้างที่จะตรวจให้ส้นเท้าวางพาดบนเข่าด้านตรงข้าม ทำให้เป็นรูปเลขสี่ ( sign for four ) ผู้ตรวจใช้มือข้างหนึ่งกดลงไปที่ iliac crest ด้านตรงข้ามแล้วอีกมือหนึ่งกดลงเข่าข้างที่พับไว้ แล้วกดลงไปพร้อมๆ กันซึ่งเป็นการแบะข้อ sacro-iliac ข้างที่ตรวจออก ถ้ามีความผิดปกติเกิดขึ้นในข้อนี้ก็จะทำให้เกิดความเจ็บปวดขึ้นที่ข้อ sacro-iliac
  • Anteversion is measured by the angle made by the femoral neck with the femoral condyles (mean angle is 8° to 15°)
    Increased anteversion leads to squinting patellae and toeing-
    degree of forward projection of the femoral neck from the coronal plane of the shaft
    retroversion, the plane of the femoral neck in rotates backward in relation to the coronal condylar plane or the acetabulum itself maybe retroverted.
  • feet face in ("pigeon toes") for medial rotation and face out more than 10° for excessive lateral rotation of the tibia while the patellae face straight ahead
  • lies supine, the examiner flexes one of the patient's hips, bringing the knee to the chest to flatten
    out the . lumbar spine and to stabilize the pelvis. The patient holds the flexed hip against the chest. If there is no flexion contracture, the hip being tested (the straight leg) remains on the examining table.
  • This syndrome is chronic inflammation of the iliotibial band near its insertion, adjacent to the femoral condyle
    Pt lies supine , flexed knee to 90°, hip flex. applies pressure to the lateral femoral epicondyle proximal to it.
    While the pressure maintained, the patient slowly extends the knee. At
    approximately 30 องศา of flexion
  • The patient lies supine with the ASISs level. Normally,
    the examiner can easily "balance" the pelvis on the
    legs. This "balancing" implies a line joining the ASIS
    1 perpendicular to the two lines formed by the
    traight legs
  • The patient is in the side lying position
    flexes the test hip to 60° with the knee flexed. The examiner stabilizes the hip with one hand and applies a downward pressure to the knee
  • Flex hip flex knee
  • Pt sit with one knee flexed against the chest to stabilize the pelvis and the other knee extended.
    then flex the trunk and touch the toes of the extended lower limb with the fingers. Repeated on the other side.
  • patient is seated with both knees flexed to 90° over the table
    The examiner then passively extends one knee.
    If the hamstring muscles on that side are tight, the patient
    extends the trunk to relieve the tension in the hamstring
    The leg is returned to its starting position, and the other leg is tested and compared with the first side.
  • Pt lie supine with the hip and knee flexed to 90
  • no reflexes around the hip that can easily evaluated.
    the examiner should assess normal dermatome patterns of the nerve roots as well as the cutaneous distribution of
    peripheral nerve
  • True hip pain is usually referred to the groin, but it may also be referred to the ankle, knee, lumbar spine, and sacroiliac joints
    Similarly, the knee, sacroiliac joints, and lumbar spine may refer pain to the hip
  • The examiner places both han
    around the patient's leg, slightly above the ankle. Thexaminer
    then leans back, applying a long-axis extension
    (traction) to the entire lower limb. Part of th
    movement occurs in the knee. If one suspects som
    pathology in the knee or the knee is stiff, both han
    should be placed around the thigh just proximal to th
    knee, and traction force should again be applied ( e
    Fig. 11-54A). The first method enables the examine
    to apply a greater force. During the movement, an
    telescoping or excessive movement occurring in th
    hip should be
  • The examiner places the patient’s knee in the resting position and then applies a compressive
    force to the hip through the longitudinal of the femur by pushing through the femoral condyle
  • hand ; placing a wide strap around the leg as high up in the groin as possible.
    The strap is then wrapped around the examiner's buttock
    The examiner leans back, using the buttocks to apply the distraction force to the hip.
    The proximal palpate the hip or greater trochanter movement, distal hand prevents abduction of the leg, and, hence, torque to the hip
  • The examiner flex and adducts the patient's hip so that the hip faces the patient's opposite shoulder and resistance to the movement is felt.
    As slight resistance is maintained, the
    patient's hip is taken into abduction while maintaining
    flexion in an arc of movement. As the movement is
    performed, the examiner should look for any irregularity
    in the movement (e.g., "bumps"), pain, or patient
    apprehension, which may give an indication of where
    the pathology is occurring in the hip (see Fig. 1154D).
    64 This motion also causes impingement

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