1. 1 HOW DO I ORGANIZE MY BUSINESS ?

2. 2 Forms of Business Ownership

3. 3 MAJOR FORMS OF BUSINESS OWNERSHIP SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP PARTNERSHIP COMPANY

4. Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2002, p.471.

5. Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2002, p.471.

6. Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2002, p.471.

7. 7 FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF OWNERSHIP FORM LIABILITY EXPOSURE START-UP CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS TAX CONSIDERATIONS CONTROL BUSINESS GOALS COST & EASE OF FORMATION

8. 8 ADVANTAGES OF THE SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP FORM SIMPLE TO CREATE LEAST COSTLY FORM TO BEGIN PROFIT INCENTIVE TOTAL DECISION MAKING AUTHORITY NO SPECIAL LEGAL RESTRICTIONS EASY TO DISCONTINUE

9. 9 DISADVANTAGES OF THE SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP FORM UNLIMITED PERSONAL LIABILITY LIMITED SKILLS AND CAPABILITIES FEELINGS OF ISOLATION LIMITED ACCESS TO CAPITAL LACK OF CONTINUITY

10. 10 ADVANTAGES OF THE PARTNERSHIP FORM EASY TO ESTABLISH COMPLEMENTARY SKILLS OF PARTNERS DIVISION OF PROFITS LARGER POOL OF CAPITAL ABILITY TO ATTRACT LIMITED NUMBER OF PARTNERS

11. 11 ADVANTAGES OF THE PARTNERSHIP FORM LITTLE GOVERNMENT REGULATION FLEXIBILITY TAXATION ADVANTAGE

12. 12 DISADVANTAGES OF THE PARTNERSHIP FORM UNLIMITED LIABILITY OF AT LEAST ONE PARTNER CAPITAL ACCUMULATION DIFFICULTY IN DISPOSING OF PARTNERSHIP INTEREST LACK OF CONTINUITY POTENTIAL FOR PERSONALITY AND AUTHORITY CONFLICTS

13. 13 HOPE YOU ARE WORKING ON YOUR READING ASSIGNMENTS

14. 14 COMPANIES ACT,1956

15. 15 CHAPTER 15 NATURE OF A COMPANYREGISTRATION OF A COMPANY

16. 16 ILLEGAL BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS SEC 11 OF THE COMPANIES ACT,1956 (p 834) DECLARES THAT NO PARTNERSHIP OR ASSOCIATION CONSISTING OF MORE THAN 20 PERSONS ( 10 IN THE CASE OF A BANKING BUSINESS) SHALL BE FORMED FOR CARRYING ON ANY BUSINESS FOR PROFIT FOR ITSELF OR ITS MEMBERS, UNLESS REGISTERED AS A COMPANY .

17. 17 WHAT IS A COMPANY ? A COMPANY IS AN ARTIFICIAL PERSON OR A LEGAL ENTITY CREATED BY LAW HAVING THE RIGHT OF OWNING PROPERTY AND MAKING CONTRACTS IN ITS OWN NAME , SUCH AS L & T , TISCO etc. OTHER EXAMPLES OF LEGAL PERSONS ARE A REGISTERED SOCIETY , SUCH AS BITS , OR A REGISTERED TRADE UNION , SUCH AS INTUC .

18. 18 COMPANY : A SEPARATE LEGAL PERSON OR ENTITY COMPANY IS A LEGAL PERSON / ENTITY. IT HAS A SEPARATE EXISTENCE FROM THE PERSONS WHO COME TOGETHER TO FORM THE COMPANY. IT HAS FULL CAPACITY TO ENTER INTO TRANSACTIONS IN ITS OWN NAME. IT CAN SUE & BE SUED IN ITS OWN NAME. IT OWNS ITS OWN PROPERTY. IT HAS PERPETUAL SUCCESSION .

19. 19 COMPANY : A SEPARATE LEGAL PERSON : Example The case is dated 1897 (1p723). Solomon was a bootmaker. He sold the assets of his business to a company Solomon & Co Ltd. of which he was virtually the sole shareholder. He continued to trade as a bootmaker in his own name and went bust. His creditors tried to sieze the assets of the business (now owned by Solomon & Co Ltd). The decision of the court was that Solomon & Co Ltd formed a separate legal entity from Mr Solomon. Mr Solomon's debts were not the debts of Solomon & Co. Ltd. The rule is that a properly formed limited liability company is a legal entity in its own right.

20. 20 CONCEPT OF INCORPORATION “…IF ONE WAS TO ISOLATE A SINGLE FACTOR WHICH HAS LED TO THE INCREASE AND IMPORTANCE OF COMPANIES SINCE THE NINETEENTH CENTURY , IT WOULD BE THE RECOGNITION OF THE CONCEPT OF A SEPARATE INDEPENDENT LEGAL ENTITY AND THE RESULTING LIMITATION OF LIABILITY ”

21. 21 ADVANTAGES OF THE LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY LIMITED LIABILITY OF ITS MEMBERS TRANSFERABLE OWNERSHIP ABILITY TO CONTINUE INDEFINITELY SEPARATION OF OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT ABILITY TO ATTRACT LARGE CAPITAL AND PROFESSIONAL MANAGERS

22. 22 DISADVANTAGES OF THE CORPORATION COST AND TIME OF INCORPORATING DOUBLE TAXATION POTENTIAL FOR DIMINISHED MANAGERIAL INCENTIVES LEGAL REQUIREMENTS AND REGULATORY “RED TAPE” POTENTIAL LOSS OF CONTROL BY FOUNDER(S)

23. 23 THE CORPORATE VEIL A COMPANY IS RUN BY ITS HIRED PROFESSIONAL MANAGERS AND NOT BY ITS MEMBERS OR OWNERS THIS CREATES THE PROBLEM OF THE CORPORATE VEIL AROUND THE ACTIONS OF ITS MEMBERS OR OWNERS

24. 24 CORPORATE VEIL USE OF CORPORATION AS A FACADE FOR CONTROLLING SHAREHOLDERS’ OTHER FINANCIAL AFFAIRS FRAUD, OR OTHER INJUSTICE FOR PERSONAL GAIN IN NAME OF COMPANY

25. 25 GOODBYE CORPORATE VEIL UNDER THE COMPANY LAW , COURTS CAN CATCH ALL GROUP COMPANIES AND SIGNIFICANT SHAREHOLDERS, IF REQUIRED. IF NECESSARY, THE CORPORATE VEIL MAY BE LIFTED AND SHAREHOLDERS , DIRECTORS AND MANAGERS BECOME PERSONALLY LIABLE.

26. 26 CORPORATE VEIL “PIERCING CORPORATE VEIL” PERSONAL LIABILITY IMPOSED UPON MEMBERS OR SHAREHOLDERS CIRCUMSTANCES CONSIDERED : UNDER CAPITALIZATION FAILURE TO OBSERVE FORMALITIES NONPAYMENT OF DIVIDENDS SIPHONING OF FUNDS BY CONTROLLING SHAREHOLDER NONFUNCTIONING OF OTHER OFFICERS OR DIRECTORS

27. 27 REGISTRATION AND INCORPORATION A COMPANY IS BORN OR INCORPORATED BY REGISTERING THE COMPANY WITH THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES AND OBTAINING A CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION. THE CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION BRINGS A COMPANY INTO EXISTENCE

28. 28 REGISTRATION AND INCORPORATION REGISTRATION OF A COMPANY IS OBTAINED BY FILING AN APPLICATION WITH THE FOLLOWING DOCUMENTS WITH THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES: 1. MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION 2. ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION (IF REQUIRED)

29. 29 REGISTRATION AND INCORPORATION 3. A COPY OF THE AGREEMENT WITH THE PERSON WHO WILL BE THE MD OR THE MANAGER OF THE COMPANY 4. A DECLARATION THAT ALL REQUIREMENTS OF THE COMPANIES ACT,1956 HAVE BEEN COMPLIED WITH IF DOCUMENTS ARE SATISFACTORY, REGISTRAR ISSUES THE CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION

30. 30 HOW DO I ORGANIZE MY BUSINESS ?

31. 31 KINDS OF COMPANIES Pages 829 - 834

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33. 33

34. 34

35. 35 TYPES OF COMPANIES COMPANIES CAN BE CLASSIFIED IN SEVERAL WAYS : 1. LIMITED LIABILITY AND UNLIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES: THOUGH LIMITED LIABILITY OF A COMPANY’S MEMBERS IS NORMALLY DESIRED , THERE ARE UNLIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES FORMED FOR SPECIAL REASONS.

36. 36 UNLIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES UNLIMITED COMPANIES NEED NOT HAVE SHARE CAPITAL , CAN REDUCE CAPITAL AT WILL ,AND MEMBERS CANNOT BE SUED DIRECTLY FOR THE COMPANY’S DEBTS OR LIABILITIES. UNLIMITED COMPANIES NEED ARTICLES OF ASSOCITION FOR REGISTRATION.

37. 37 LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES LIABILITY OF MEMBERS IN A COMPANY MAY BE LIMITED IN TWO WAYS : 1. LIMITED BY GUARANTEE: SUCH COMPANIES ARE CALLED GUARANTEE COMPANIES. 2. LIMITED BY SHARES : NORMALLY , MAJORITY OF THE COMPANIES LIMIT THE LIABILITY OF THEIR MEMBERS OR OWNERS BY SHARES. SUCH COMPANIES ARE CALLED LIMITED COMPANIES.

38. 38 LIMITED COMPANIES LIMITED COMPANIES ARE OF TWO TYPES: 2.PUBLIC LIMITED AND PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANIES : A PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY IS ONE WHICH IS ALLOWED TO RAISE ITS CAPITAL FROM THE PUBLIC THROUGH A PUBLIC ISSUE OF SHARES, AND THUS WHOSE OWNERS OR SHAREHOLDERS ARE MEMBERS OF PUBLIC AT LARGE. EXAMPLES: EIL, ABNL ,TISCO, BAJAJ AUTO, SBI, INFOSYS, NTPC etc.

39. 39 LIMITED COMPANIES A PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY IS RESTRICTED TO A MAXIMUM OF 50 MEMBERS AND IS NOT ALLOWED TO MAKE A PUBLIC ISSUE. ALSO , THERE IS A RESTRICTION ON RIGHT OF TRANSFER OF SHARES SO AS TO MAINTAIN A MAXIMUM OF 50 MEMBERS. EXAMPLE : DCPL , Holtec Consultants Pvt. Ltd. BOTH GUARANTEE COMPANIES AND PRIVATE COMPANIES MUST HAVE ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION FOR INCORPORATION.

40. 40 LIMITED COMPANIES CERTIFICATE OF COMMENCEMENT OF BUSINESS : (Sec 149 , pp 727-728) A PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY CAN COMMENCE ITS BUSINESS ON INCORPORATION , BUT , A PUBLIC LTD CO HAS TO FIRST COMPLETE A PUBLIC ISSUE OF ITS SHARES, AND LIST THEM ON A STOCK EXCHANGE, TO OBTAIN THE CERTIFICATE OF COMMENCEMENT OF BUSINESS FROM THE REGISTRAR.

41. 41

42. 42 KINDS OF COMPANIES 3. GOVERNMENT AND NON- GOVERNMENT COMPANIES : A COMPANY IN WHICH CENTRAL GOVERNMENT OR STATE GOVERNMENTS HOLD 51 % OR MORE OF SHARES IS CALLED A GOVERNMENT COMPANY. EXAMPLES : SAIL , ONGC , NTPC , BHEL etc.

43. 43 4. HOLDING AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES WHEN ONE COMPANY HAS CONTROL OVER ANOTHER COMPANY , THE CONTROLLING COMPANY IS CALLED THE HOLDING COMPANY , AND THE CONTROLLED COMPANY IS CALLED THE SUBSIDIARY COMPANY. EXAMPLE : MRPL IS THE SUBSIDIARY COMPANY OF ONGC. ONGC HOLDS MORE THAN 80 % OF MRPL’S SHARES AND CONTROLS THE APPOINTMENT OF MAJORITY OF THE DIRECTORS OF MRPL .

44. 44 5. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMPANIES A FOREIGN COMPANY IS A COMPANY WHICH IS INCORPORATED OUTSIDE INDIA , BUT WHICH HAS A PLACE OF BUSINESS IN INDIA. EXAMPLE : MICROSOFT AND INTEL ARE FOREIGN COMPANIES IN INDIA .

45. 45 MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION Pages 728-735

46. 46 MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION THE FIRST STEP IN THE FORMATION OF A COMPANY IS TO PREPARE A DOCUMENT CALLED THE MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION. THE MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION IS THE CONSTITUTION OF THE COMPANY, and defines its structure or organization.

47. 47 MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION THE MEMORANDUM IS DIVIDED INTO THE FOLLOWING 5 CLAUSES : 1.NAME CLAUSE 2.REGISTERED OFFICE CLAUSE 3.OBJECT CLAUSE 4.LIABILITY CLAUSE , AND 5.CAPITAL CLAUSE THEN IT IS SUBSRIBED BY THE REQUIRED NUMBER OF SUBSCRIBERS.

48. 48 MINIMUM CAPITAL FOR A COMPANY What is the minimum authorised capital for a company? The minimum authorised capital for Private Limited Company – Rs.1,00,000/- For Public Limited Company Rs.5,00,000/- For the use of some key words as part of name, the minimum authorised capital is given in the table below:

49. 49 Required minimum authorised capital For the use of some key words as part of name : 1. Corporation 5 Crores 2. International, Globe, Universal, Continental, Inter-Continental, Asiatic, Asia, being the first word of the name 1 Crore 3. If any of the words at (2) above is used within the name (with or without brackets) 50 Lakhs 4. Hidustan, India, Bharat, being the first word of the name 50 Lakhs 5. If any of the words at (4) above is used within the name (with or without brackets) 5 Lakhs 6. Industries/ Udyog 1 Crore 7. Enterprises, Products, Business, Manufacturing 10 Lakhs

50. 50 ‘ULTRA VIRES’ RULE THIS IS A RULE OF LAW . ‘ULTRA VIRES’ MEANS ‘BEYOND THE POWERS OF’. FOR EXAMPLE : TAKING AWAY THE PERSONAL PROPERTY OF SOMEONE FOR NO REASON IS ULTRA VIRES THE GOVERNMENT , i.e. BEYOND THE POWERS OF THE GOVERNMENT.

51. 51 ‘ ULTRA VIRES ’ RULE THOSE VESTED WITH STATUTORY POWERS ARE ONLY ABLE TO DO THOSE THINGS THAT LAW HAS ALLOWED THEM TO DO BY STATUTE. FOR EXAMPLE, DOING ONLY THOSE THINGS WHICH HAVE BEEN REGISTERED IN THE ‘ OBJECTS CLAUSE ‘ OF THE MEMORANDUM.

52. 52 OBJECTS & ULTRA VIRES RULE AN ACT BY A COMPANY OUTSIDE THE SCOPE DEFINED BY THE OBJECTS CLAUSE IS ULTRA VIRES OR BEYOND THE POWERS OF THE COMPANY. EXAMPLE : Ashbury Railway Carriage & Wagon Co V Riche , 34 , p 729

53. 53 ALTERATION OF MEMORANDUM FOR ALTERING AN ALREADY REGISTERED MEMORANDUM , THE FOLLOWING PERMISSIONS ARE REQUIRED : 1. NAME CLAUSE – SPECIAL RESOLUTION OF SHAREHOLDERS , AND APPROVAL OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT . (In case of changing an undesirable name, only an ordinary resolution & approval rqd.)

54. 54

55. 55 ALTERATION OF MEMORANDUM 2. REGISTERED OFFICE - SPECIAL RESOLUTION OF SHAREHOLDERS, AND SANCTION OF COMPANY LAW BOARD ( CLB ) . 3. OBJECTS CLAUSE - SPECIAL RESOLUTION OF SHAREHOLDERS . 4 & 5 . LIABILITY AND CAPITAL CLAUSES : SANCTION OF HIGH COURT FOR REDUCTION OF CAPITAL AFTER SPECIAL RESOLUTION IS PASSED .

56. 56 ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION ARTICLES ARE INTERNAL REGULATIONS AND BY-LAWS. SCHEDULE 1 OF THE COMPANIES ACT,1956 SETS OUT TABLES OF MODEL FORMS OF ARTICLES FOR DIFFERENT COMPANIES. TABLE A IS APPLICABLE TO COMPANIES LIMITED BY SHARES,WHICH CAN BE ADOPTED.

57. 57 ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION (AA) THE AA ARE A CONTRACT BETWEEN THE COMPANY AND ITS MEMBERS THAT THEY SHALL ABIDE BY THE RULES AND REGULATIONS OF INTERNAL MANAGEMENT OF THE COMPANY SPECIFIED IN THE AA. THEY SPECIFY THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE MEMBERS AND DIRECTORS. THE PROVISIONS OF THE AA MUST NOT BE IN CONFLICT WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THE MA. IN CASE SUCH A CONFLICT ARISES, THE MA WILL PREVAIL.

58. 58 ALTERATION OF ARTICLES A COMPANY CAN ALTER ITS ARTICLES AT ANY TIME WITH THE AUTHORITY OF A SPECIAL RESOLUTION OF ITS SHAREHOLDERS , AND BY FILING AN APPLICATION WITH THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES.

59. 59 CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICE MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION (MA) AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION OF A COMPANY ARE PUBLIC DOCUMENTS AND CONSTITUTE A CONSTRUCTIVE OR POSITIVE NOTICE TO THE MEMBERS OF THE COMPANY AS WELL AS THE PUBLIC. ANYBODY WHO DEALS WITH THE COMPANY CANNOT TAKE A DEFENCE THAT HE WAS IGNORANT OF THEIR CONTENT AND THE RULES OF THE CORPORATE .

60. 60 PROSPECTUS & PROMOTERS pp 737-743

61. 61 PROSPECTUS ANY DOCUMENT WHICH INVITES OFFERS FROM PUBLIC FOR SUBSCRIPTION OR PURCHASE OF SHARES OR DEBENTURES, OR ANY DEPOSITS FROM PUBLIC IS CALLED A PROSPECTUS.

62. 62 ABRIDGED PROSPECTUS APPLICATION FORMS FOR SHARES OR DEBENTURES CANNOT BE ISSUED UNLESS THEY ARE ACCOMPANIED BY A MEMORANDUM CONTAINING SALIENT FEATURES OF A PROSPECTUS AS PRESCRIBED.

63. 63 PROSPECTUS THE PROSPECTUS MUST BE ISSUED TO THE PUBLIC.THIS MEANS THERE MUST BE SOME PUBLICITY,HOWEVER MODEST.

64. 64 CONTENTS OF PROSPECTUS DETAILS AS TO SHARES MANAGERIAL PERSONNEL MINIMUM SUBSCRIPTION UNDERWRITING PRELIMINARY EXPENSE MATERIAL CONTRACT etc

65. 65 PROSPECTUS CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR OMISSIONS FOR MISREPRESENTATION

66. 66 PROMOTERS A PROMOTER IS A PERSON WHO BRINGS ABOUT THE INCORPORATION AND ORGANIZATION OF A COMPANY. A PERSON WHO ACTS IN A MINISTERIAL CAPACITY IS NOT A PROMOTER. FIDUCIARY RELATION OF PROMOTER WITH THE COMPANY