Basic Fire Safety

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Presentation by:
JULIAN CAPAWING
HSE OFFICER
NOMAC – SIWEP PROJECT
FIRE SAFETY AWARENESS TRAINING

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Basic Fire Safety
Preparedness, Prevention & Control
How do fires occur?
Fire classifications
Fundamental principle of fire
Prevention and Extinguishment
Fire Extinguishment agents or
mediums:-
1. Water
2. Aqueous Foam
3. Inert Gases
4. Halogenated Agents
5. Dry Chemical Agents
Common Fire Hazards / Causes of Fire
How Can Fires be Prevented?
How to fight fires?
Summary
Topics Outline

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oxygen
Heat
fuel
chemicalreaction
 What is a fire?
A fire is a chemical
reaction that involves 3
elements: fuel, oxygen
and heat
 Fire Equation:
Oxygen + Heat + Fuel = Fire
How do Fires occur
 Fundamental principle of fire prevention and
extinguishment
“ Eliminate any 1 of the 3 elements, there will be no fire”

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. . . A fire starts small . . . .
If not discovered early . . .
and if not extinguished right away . . .

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. . .can grow this big !!!
. . . and can cause damage and destruction
to life and property.

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 Fire Classifications
Ref. NFPA 10
Fires in any ordinary
combustible
materials i.e. trash,
wood, paper, plastics,
rubber, etc
Fires in flammable
liquids & gases,
oil-based paints,
thinner, acetone
grease, tars, oil,
gasoline, alcohol,
etc.
Fires in “LIVE” or
energized
electrical
Equipment – wiring,
Fuses, circuit
breakers, electric
motors
Class Class Class
D
Class
Special type of fire
involving metals i.e.
magnesium,
lithium, sodium,
titanium, potassium
and radioactive
materials
What are the classes of fires?

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Fire Extinguishment Methods
1. Physically removing or separating
the combustible materials (fuel)
from the fire- STARVATION
2. Removing or diluting Oxygen
Supply - SMOTHERING
3. Reducing the temperature of the
combustible materials or of the fire
(flame) - COOLING
4. Introducing chemicals that modify
the combustion chemistry
One or more of the following methods- more
often simultaneously can be used to extinguish
a fire:-
oxygen
Heat
fuel
chemicalreaction

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WHAT ARE THE FIRE
EXTINGUISHMENT AGENTS?

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Extinguishment with Water
ADVANTAGES
• the most widely used extinguishing agent because of its low cost and ready
availability relative to other liquid
• superior to any other known liquids for fighting majority of fires
• non toxic
• can easily be stored (normal temperature and atmospheric pressure)
DISADVANTAGES
• It freezes – (not a problem here in KSA)
• It conducts electricity
• can irreversibly damage some items (those that we intend to protect)
• not effective with liquid fires (specially those liquids insoluble in water or float
in water
• not compatible with certain hot metals or certain chemicals

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Extinguishment with Water
How water extinguishes fires
• cooling the solid or liquid combustible
• cooling the flame itself
• generating steam that prevents oxygen access
• in fog form- blocks radiative transfer
• cooling a gasifying combustible
Means of Application
• By solid stream or spray from a hose or from stored pressure (hand
extinguishers)
• spray from automatic sprinklers or deluge systems

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Extinguishment
with Aqueous Foam
Where Foam is used:-
Principally used for fighting flammable liquid fires (the kind of materials
present in big quantities), or in refineries, tankers, tank farms
– If there is a burning liquid and it is lighter than water and insoluble; if water is
applied, the liquid floats and will continue to burn
– If the burning liquid is oil or fat; the temperature is above the boiling point of
water, if water is applied, the water will penetrate the hot oil, turn to steam below
the surface and cause eruption of oil that will accelerate the burning rate and
possibly spread fire
If the flammable liquid is water soluble (such as alcohols), then application
of water will dilute the liquid to the point it is no longer flammable:- practical
only in shallow spill. However, in deep pool, the time required for water
dilution might be long, hence, foam is a better extinguishing agent.
For fighting burning liquids or solids in difficult-to-access spaces such as a
room, basement or hold of a ship.

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TWO BASIC TYPES OF FOAM
CHEMICAL FOAM – A chemical foam
reaction between acid solution and sodium
bicarbonate.
MECHANICAL FOAM – A foam produced
by a mechanical agitation.

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MOBILE FOAM UNIT
(AFFF) AQUEOUS FILM FORMING
FOAM
AFFF extinguishers are suitable for use on
Class “A” and Class “B” fires.

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THE FOAM TETRAHEDRON
FOAM CONCENTRATE – The raw foam liquid as it rest in its
storage container before the introduction of water and air.
FOAM SOLUTION – The mixture of foam concentrate and
water before introduction of air.
FOAM PROPORTIONER – The device that introduces foam
concentrate into the water stream to make the foam
solution.
FOAM – The completed product after air introduced into the
foam solution (as known as FOAM)
WATER + FOAM CONCENTRATE = FOAM SOLUTION
FOAM SOLUTION + MECHANICAL AGITATION = FINISHED
FOAM

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EXTINGUISHING AND/OR PREVENTING
FIRE PROPERTIES OF FIRE FIGHTING
FOAM
SEPARATING – Creates a barrier between the fuel
and the fire.
COOLING – Lowers the temperature of the fuel and
adjacent surfaces.
SUPPRESSING – Prevents the release of flammable
vapors and therefore reduces the possibility of
ignition.

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FOAM APPLICATION TECHNIQUES
ROLL ON METHOD – By deflecting into
the ground.
BANK DOWN METHOD – By deflecting
into the wall or vertical object.
RAIN DOWN METHOD – By directing
fire streams into the above surface by
rain down.

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Extinguishment
with Inert Gases
Inert gas acts to extinguish a fire primarily by dilution of the oxygen
in air (as opposed to water which extinguishes fire primarily by
cooling)
Carbon Dioxide is the most commonly used inert gas, although
nitrogen and steam could also be used.
Theoretically, helium, neon, argon could be used (but they are
expensive)
Suitable for electrical fires because CO2 does not conduct
electricity.
Leaves no residue; does not cause residual damage.
Caution: Asphyxiating agent; should not be used in manned
locations; or evacuation of occupants should precede release of
CO2

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Extinguishment with
Halogenated Agents
Also called CFCs’ (chloroflourocarbons)
Recent innovation but facing extinction
Halt in production is not related to its effectiveness; due to its harmful effect
in the Ozone layer (depletion)
CFCs could be used for fire applications such as those for CO2
Aside from diluting Oxygen, CFC extinguishes fires by modifying the
combustion reaction.
Could also be used for fires where water, foam and dry powder would cause
damage
For inert-gas flooding of compartments (manned control rooms), ie for
Halon 1301 (least toxic)

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Extinguishment
with Dry Chemicals
Alternative to Water, CO2 or Halon
Various types:- Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium Chloride, Monoammonium
Phosphate,etc.
Extinguish fire by:-
– Chemical interaction with the flame
– Coating the burning surface
– Cooling the flame
– Blocking of radiative energy transfer
Could be used for electrical fires
Caution:- dry chemical is corrosive; usually its damages delicate electrical
equipment

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Common Fire Hazards…
paint
thinner
Flammable

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Use Safety Can

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Greasy / Oily Rags
Grease
Grease

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 Preventive Measures
 Maintain good housekeeping
 Place oily / greasy rags in
covered containers (potential
source of spontaneous combustion)
 Keep open flame operations
isolated / controlled (35 Ft clear
radius min.)
 100 % spark containment (use
of fire blanket or non combustible barrier
for hot work)
 How can fires be prevented?
Fires in any ordinary
combustible
Materials i.e. trash, wood,
paper, etc
Class

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 How can fires be
prevented? cont’d.
 Good storage practice:
• Protected / isolated / ventilated
storage area
• Use safety can for flammable
liquids
Class
Flammable liquids
or gases
Ventilation

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prevented?..cont’d.
 Proper handling
Class
Flammable liquids
or gases
safety can
Grounding
wire/clip

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Preventive Measures
 Never allow open flame / source of
ignition near flammable liquids / gases
(35 Ft. clear radius min.)
 Restrict smoking
prevented?...cont’d.
Class
Flammable liquids
or gases

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 Look for old wiring, worn insulation, broken and
loose electrical fittings.
 Prevent motors from overheating by keeping
them clean and in good working order.
 Utility lights to have wire guard over them. Keep
combustible materials away from exposed lights
 Never install a fuse rated higher than specified
for the circuit.
 Investigate any appliance or electrical equipment
that smells strange. Unusual odors can be the
first sign of electrical fire.
 Don't overload wall outlets. Two outlets should
have no more than two plugs.
 Good maintenance program of all electrical
appliances
 How can fires be prevented?...cont’d.
Class
Fires in “LIVE”
Electrical equipment

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How can fires be prevented?...cont’d.
Remember the fundamental principle of fire
prevention…
FUEL
FIRE

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 How can fires be controlled / extinguished?
Class
Fires in any ordinary combustible
Materials i.e. trash, wood, paper, etc
APP. 3 Meters
( 10 feet )
Wind
Fire

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APP. 3 Meters
( 10 feet )
Wind
Class
Flammable liquids or gases
 How can fires be controlled /
extinguished?...cont’d.
Fire

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APP. 3 Meters
( 10 feet )
Wind
Class
Fires in “LIVE”
Electrical equipment
Fire

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APP. 3 Meters
( 10 feet )
Wind
D
Class
Fire

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How Can Fires be Controlled …
Remember ….
 Fight Class A Fire with Water stream, water mist, foam, CO2,
Halon, dry powder
 Fight Class B Fire with Foam, dry powder, halon, CO2
 Fight Class C Fire with CO2, Halon, Dry Powder
 Fight Class D Fire with Special dry powder, Special Inert Gases
(Argon, Helium, Nitrogen, Boron Cl3, Boron F3)
psse-mec technical presentation

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What To Do In Case of Fire?
First Rule – KEEP CALM!
Remember how to R A C E during a fire
R – rescue personnel in immediate danger
A – alert others; yell out “fire, fire!” or activate fire alarm
C – contain; close doors, windows (don’t lock)
E – extinguish / evacuate; extinguish
manageable fire, apply PASS method / evacuate the
area. If fire is beyond control, call Fire Dept. (998
KSA)

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CAUTION!
Never Attempt to Fight a Fire If…
Your instinct tells you not to do so
You don’t know what is burning
You suspect toxic fumes that you might inhale
There is no sure “way out” behind you
Your escape route is obstructed
There is no fire extinguisher nearby
The fire is beyond control

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Summary
FUEL
FIRE
Knowledge
Awareness
Preparedness

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Make SAFETY
a part of your
daily routine

Basic Fire Safety

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