1) Progress has been made in women's education access across the region, though gaps remain. Life expectancy for women has risen nearly 10 years above men on average. 2) While maternal mortality has declined and medical care during birth has increased, the number of women with HIV has risen in some areas. Violence against women remains challenging to address due to underreporting. 3) Women's economic participation has improved but is still below men's rates. Few women hold top political positions, though national gender institutions have strengthened in most countries.

1. Beijing’s Declaration and Platform
for Action agenda: the Progress in
Europe and Central Asia Region
Since 1995
March 2014

2. Education and Training of Women
77.7
70.3
73.2
79.4
69.9
67.2 66.7
78.8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Caucasus and CIS Central Asia Central and Eastern Europe Western Balkans and Turkey
2000
2010
Share of Women amongst Illiterate adults

3. Education and Training of Women
Some progress can be noted in women’s access to education.
92.4 94.1
89
75
94.7 97
88
76
95.8
101.8
95
80
0
20
40
60
80
100
Caucasus & CIS Central Asia Central & Eastern Europe Western Balkans & Turkey
Source: International Human Development Indicators.
Number of Women per 100 Men with at Least Secondary Education
2000
2005
2010

4. 31.40
42.31
35.76
36.05 33.28
36.68 37.76
36.06
40.74
35.90
30.97
35.51
39.96
35.90
37.45
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Caucasus & CIS Central & Eastern
Europe
Central Asia Western Balkans &
Turkey
(%oftotal)
Source: UNESCO Institute of Statistics.
Share of Female Students in Technical and Vocational Programmes
1995
2000
2005
2010
Education and Training of Women

5. Women and Poverty
In the region women still earn less than men in similar jobs.
*Indicator definition: Gender pay gap is the difference between men’s and women’s average earnings from
employment, shown as a percentage of men’s average earnings.
17.60
21.35
33.60
15.30
25.10
15.57
26.25
8.50
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Caucasus and CIS Central and Eastern Europe Central Asia Western Balkans and Turkey
percentage
Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international official sources.
Gender Pay Gap* as Difference in Monthly Earnings
2005 2010

6. Women and Health
Life-expectancy of both men and women has been gradually rising.
However, women out-live men by almost 10 years on average.
64.0
66.5
67.0 66.7
65.5
68.1 68.3
71.2
70.3
71.1
70.6
74.3
74.0
76.7
77.2
81.5
72.6
74.9
77.0
82.1
70.0
71.9 72.9
73.675.0
76.8
77.5
79.1
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
1995 2000 2005 2010
years
MEN
Life Expectancy at Birth
Caucasus & CIS
Central & Eastern Europe
Central Asia
Western Balkans & Turkey
Caucasus & CIS
Western Balkans & Turkey
Central Asia
Central & Eastern Europe
Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national official sources.
WOMEN

7. Women and Health
More women have now better access to reproductive health services.
39.34
22.26
19.11
48.30
35.95
25.21
13.07
17.40
11.34
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
2000 2005 2010
(Annualnumberofmaternaldeathsper100,000LiverBirths)
Source: European health for all database (HFA-DB).
Maternal Deaths per 100,000 Live Births
Caucasus & CIS Central Asia
Central & Eastern Europe Western Balkans & Turkey

8. Women and Health
More women have access to professional medical care when giving birth.
95.9
97.2
99.7
92.3
95.7
95.4
99.3 99.2
99.6
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
2000 2005 2010
(%ofbirthattendedbyskilledpersonne)l
Source: Millenniun Develoment Goals Indicators.
Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel
Caucasus & CIS
Central Asia
Central & Eastern Europe
Western Balkans & Turkey

9. Women and Health
Number of women infected by HIV has been rising.
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
22000
24000
26000
28000
30000
32000
34000
36000
38000
40000
42000
44000
46000
1995 2000 2005 2010Source: UNAIDS, AIDS Info.
Estimated Number of Women (15 +) Living with HIV
Ukraine
Central and Eastern
Europe
Caucasus and CIS
Central Asia
Western Balkans and
Turkey

10. Violence against Women
Violence against women remains a serious challenge in the region
National statistics on violence against women that would allow for meaningful
regional comparisons in the time-frame chosen are scarce
In this region violence often remains unreported due to fear of
stigma, unawareness of legal rights or distrust in the police and legal system.

11. Gender perspective is only a recent addition to conflict resolution and management and
has not been widely implemented yet.
Gender disaggregated data on armed conflicts that would allow for meaningful regional
comparisons in the time-frame chosen are scarce
6 countries in the region have national action plan for the implementation of .UN Security
Council Resolution 1325 (UNSCR 1325).: Georgia, Kyrgyz Republic, Lithuania
, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia
UNSCR 1325 is the first legal documents that specifically addresses the impact of war on women, and
women's contributions to conflict resolution and sustainable peace.
Women and Armed Conflicts

12. There are still fewer economically active women than men.
Women and the Economy
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
1995 2000 2005 2010
%
Source: World Development Indicators.
Ratio of Female to Male Labor Participation Rate
Caucasus & CIS
Central Asia
Central & Eastern Europe
Western Balkans & Turkey

13. 0
5
10
15
20
25
Caucasus and
CIS
Central Asia Central and
Eastern Europe
Western Balkans
and Turkey
percentage
Unemployment Rate. Female
2000
2005
2010
0
5
10
15
20
25
Caucasus and
CIS
Central Asia Central and
Eastern Europe
Western
Balkans and
Turkey
Unemployment Rate. Male
2000
2005
2010
Women and the Economy

14. Women in Power and Decision-making
Ensuring women’s equal participation in political life on the highest legislative and
executive levels remains a challenge.

15. Women in Power and Decision-making
Ensuring women’s equal participation in political life on the highest legislative and
executive levels remains a challenge.

16. Institutional Mechanisms for Advancement of Women
National machineries for advancement of women have been strengthened.
National Machinery for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment are in place
in 21 countries of region : Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Georgia
, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, T
ajikistan, The FYR of Macedonia, Turkey, Ukraine Uzbekistan

17. Human Rights of Women
There is little data available on human rights and women in the region. Progress can be
systematically monitored only on the level of legislation and compliance with international
agreements.
1979 1995 2000 2005 Present
Albania
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Cyprus
Georgia
Kyrgyzstan
Lithuania
Poland
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Tajikistan
The FYR Macedonia
Ukraine
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan Kazakhstan
Serbia
Turkey Montenegro
Ratification , Accession, Signature of the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights (ICCPR)
Source: UN Treaty Collection

18. Human Rights of Women
All countries of the region have either accessed of ratified Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW),
1979 1995 2000 2005 Present
Albania
Armenia
Belarus
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Cyprus
Georgia
Lithuania
Poland
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Tajikistan
The FYR Macedonia
Ukraine
Azerbaijan
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Uzbekistan
Serbia
Montenegro
Source: UN Treaty Collection

19. National statistics on women and media that would allow for meaningful regional
comparisons in the time-frame chosen are scarce.
Data that is available suggests that women’s participation in media production varies to
a large extent from country to country and there is little consistent progress to be
seen.
Women and the Media
Female Journalists (% of total for both sexes)
Country 1995 2000 2005 2010
Croatia .. 35.5.. 41.9
Cyprus 31.3 43.6.. ..
Georgia 80.7 80.5.. ..
Lithuania 50.. .. ..
Turkey .. .. 30.1..
Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national official sources.

20. There is little systematically collected data available on women and environment.
Nonetheless, efforts has been made to understand the inter-linkages between gender
and environment. Gender-sensitive indicators have been suggested amongst others
by the FAO and the UNSTATS.
Women and the Environment

21. Adolescent fertility rate have notably lowered, but data from 2010 suggests that the
trend could be turning up.
The Girl-child
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
1995 2000 2005 2010
Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat, UN Statistics Division Demographic
Yearbook, WHO European health for all database and UNICEF TransMONEE) official sources.
Adolescent Fertility Rate
Number of live births to women aged 15-19 per 1000 women aged 15-19.
Caucasus & CIS
Central & Eastern Europe
Central Asia
Western Balkans & Turkey

22. The Girl-child
Most countries have brought their legal minimum age
of marriage into accordance with international laws
Sub-region Country Subgroup 2000 2005 2010 Latest
Female 17 17 17 18
Male 18 18 18 18
Female 17 17 17 18
Male 18 18 18 18
Female 18 18 18 18
Male 18 18 18 18
Female 18 18 18 18
Male 18 18 18 18
Female 16 16 16 18
Male 18 18 18 18
Female 17 17 17 18
Male 18 18 18 18
Female 18 18 18 18
Male 18 18 18 18
Female 18 18 18 18
Male 18 18 18 18
Female 17 17 18 18
Male 17 17 18 18
Female 17 17 17 17
Male 18 18 18 18
Female 16 16 18 18
Male 18 18 18 18
Female 18 18 18 18
Male 18 18 18 18
Female 18 18 18 18
Male 21 21 21 18
Female 18 18 18 18
Male 18 18 18 18
Female 18 18 18 18
Male 18 18 18 18
Female 18 18 18 18
Male 18 18 18 18
Female 18 18 18 18
Male 18 18 18 18
Female 15 17 17 17
Male 17 17 17 17
W estern
Balkans and
Turkey
Central &
Eastern
Europe
Minimum Legal Age of Marriage without Consent
Caucasus &
CIS
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Central Asia
Kazakhstan
Georgia
Tajikistan
Romania
Belarus
Poland
Republic of
Moldova
Ukraine
Croatia
Kyrgyzstan
Turkey
Uzbekistan
Serbia
Lithuania
Cyprus
BIH

23. The Girl-child
Skewed sex-ratios at birth in South Caucasus and in parts of Western Balkan imply an
increase in prenatal sex selection and an intensification of son preference.
Country 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2005 2005-2010
Albania 1.06 1.065 1.07 1.078
Armenia 1.077 1.151 1.173 1.151
Azerbaijan 1.075 1.13 1.17 1.166
Georgia 1.065 1.111 1.11 1.11
Montenegro 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08
Source: UNDESAPopulationDivison. WorldPopulationProspects.
Sex ratio at Birth*
*Definition: Number of male live births per one female live birth.

24. Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action
Sub-regions
Caucasus and CIS
Azerbaijan
Armenia
Belarus
Georgia
Republic of Moldova
Ukraine
Central and Eastern
Europe
Lithuania
Poland
Romania
Western Balkans and Turkey
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Cyprus
Kosovo*
The FYR Macedonia
Montenegro
Serbia
Turkey
Central Asia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
* Hereafter referred to in the context of the UN Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999)
For more information please visit : www. undp.org
See the full report here :