We will examine Irish, Scottish, and Welsh history and culture from 500 BC to the present.

1. Celtic pre-history
• Beaker folk, circa 2000 BC
• Urnfield culture, circa 1200 BC

2. Maps of Beaker folk (l) and
Urnfield culture (r)

3. Urnfield culture burial urns
Held in the Universitätsmuseum für
Kulturgeschichte, Marburg, Hesse, Germany.

4. Celtic pre-history
• Indo-European
• Common Celtic, circa 1000 BC
• P and Q Celtic, circa 300 BC

5. Indo-European
Germanic
Romance/Latinate
English and modern
Germanic languages
French, Spanish,
Portuguese, Italian
Common Celtic
(all Continental
Celtic dialects now
extinct)
Q Celtic/Goidelic
P Celtic/Brythonic
Irish, Scottish, Man
x
Welsh, Cornish, Bre
ton, Cumbric
(Cumbric extinct)
Son of = mac
Head = ceann
Son of= map, ap
Head = pen

6. Hallstatt culture, c.1200-500 BC (yellow)
and La Tene, 500 BC-500 AD (green)
Hallstatt excavated by Johann Georg Ramsauer in the mid-19th
century CE. La Tene excavated in mid-19th century.

7. Illustration of Hallstatt graves, discovered in
1846 in Austria

8. Hochdorf burial goods, 6th century BC
Discovered near Hochdorf an der Enz, Baden-Wurttemberg,
Germany. Some pieces at the on site museum, others at the Kunst
der Kelten, Historiches Museum, Bern.

9. Hochdorf sword

10. Hochdorf shoes

11. Hochdorf drinking horn

12. Hochdorf crater, with lion decoration

13. Hochdorf gold torque