dosage forms relation with dispensing.

1. INTRODUCTION TO
DOSAGE FORM
WITH REFRENCE TO
DISPENSING
PRESENTED BY : UROOJ UMER

2. CONTENTS
 Dosage form
 Requirements of proper design ad formulation of dosage
form
 Dispensing pharmacy
 Types of dosage forms
 Dispensing solid dosage forms
 Dispensing liquid dosage forms
 Dispensing semi-solid dosage forms
 Dispensing gaseous dosage form
Tablets
Capsules
Powders
Cachets
Lozenges
Syrup
Suspensions
Solutions
Drops
Elixirs
Colloids
Suppositories
Ointments
Creams
Gels
Aerosols
Inhalants
Nebulizers

3. DOSAGE FORM
“Dosage forms are pharmaceutical drug products in the form in which they
are marketed for use, with a specific mixture of active ingredients and
inactive components ,in a particular configuration and apportioned into a
particular dose.”
• They are also called unit dosage forms.
• the term unit dose can also sometimes encompass non-
reusable packaging , although the FDA distinguishes that by unit-dose
"packaging" or "dispensing.
• Multiple unit dose can refer to distinct drug products packaged together,
or to a single drug product containing multiple drugs or doses.
• The term dosage form can also sometimes refer only to
the pharmaceutical formulation of a drug product's constituent drug
substances and any blends involved.

4. REQUIREMENTS OF PROPER
DESIGN AD FORMULATION OF
DOSAGE FORM
 Physical, chemical & biological characteristics
 Compatible with one another - stable, efficacious,
attractive, easy to administer & safe manufactured under
appropriate measures of quality control & packaged in
containers to make product stable
 Labeled to promote correct use & stored under conditions
to maximize shell life.

5. TYPES OF DOSAGE FORMS
Ointments
Creams
Gels
Supposi-
tories
SEMI-SOLID
DOSAGE
FORMS
Syrup
Suspension
Solutions
Drops
Elixirs
Colloids
Droughts
LIQUID
DOSAGE
FORMS
Tablets
Capsules
Powders
Cachets
Lozenges
SOLID
DOSAGE
FORMS
GASEOUS
DOSAGE
FORMS
Aerosols
Inhalants
gas

6. DISPENSING PHARMACY
“Dispensing refers to the process of preparing and
giving medicine to a named person on the basis of a
prescription. “
• It involves the correct interpretation of the wishes of the pre-
scriber and the accurate preparation and labeling of medicine for
use by the patient.
• Dispensing is the provision of drugs or medicines as set out properly
on a lawful prescription. Dispensing is the provision of drugs or
medicines as set out properly on a lawful prescription.

7. SOLID DOSAGE FORM
• Solid dosage form include tablets, capsules, powders,
cachets and lozenges.
• Solid dosage form allow for accurate dosing.
• The entire dose is contained within containers , which
minimizes measuring errors .

9. DISPENSING SOLID
DOSAGEFORMS
DISPENSING POWDERS :
 Powders are designed to be dissolved in water.
Powders come in either sachets or envelopes , or
in a tub with a scoop to measure out the right
amount.
 If you have a sachet or envelope, open it and
pour the contents into a small glass of water.
Ideally able to swallow all the liquid in one or
two gulps, although for some medicines
recommends a larger amount of liquid.
Some INJECTABLES
are packed in form of
DRY POWDERS: To
overcome the intrinsic
instability of the drug,
be reconstitute before
use

10. CONT…
DISPENSING GRANULES:
 Granules are designed to be taken with a small amount of food.
 Sprinkle or stir the granules into a small amount of soft food or a
small drink.
 Your child should then swallow the food or drink straight away .
 Make sure that they take it all.
 You can also mix the granules with a spoonful of cold water.
 Do not mix the granules with warm food or liquid.
DISPENSING LOZENGES:
 Should be dispense in pills form.
 Cotton may be placed in the bottom of container or top of
pill to prevent rattling or breaking.
 Blister packs are commonly used as unit dose packing.

11. CONT…
DISPENSING TABLETS:
 Tablets are often stamped with symbols, letters, and numbers,
which enable them to be identified. Sizes of tablets to be
swallowed.
 The compressed tablet is the most popular dosage form in use
today. About two-thirds of all prescriptions are dispensed as
solid dosage forms, and half of these are compressed tablets. A
tablet can be formulated to deliver an accurate dosage to a
specific site; it is usually taken orally
 Blister packs are commonly used for unit dose packaging
for tablets .
 They maintain accuracy of dosage form.
 They are easy to dispense.

12. CONT…
DISPENSING CAPSULES:
 Capsules should be dispensed in glass or
plastic containers that protect them from moisture and
dust.
 Capsules that are adversely affected by
the atmosphere should be in a tightly
closed container and the patient
should be instructed to keep the
bottle tightly closed except
when withdrawing a dose.
 Blister packs are commonly used to
dispense.
PROPERTIES:
1. Relevant tight
2. well-closed
3. light-resistant

13. LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS
• Liquid dosage forms contains one or more active
ingredients in a liquid vehicle such as solution ,
suspension or emulsion. The drug may be dissolved in a
vehicle or suspended as very fine particles.

15. DISPENSING LIQUID DOSAGE
FORMS
DISPENSING SOLUTIONS:
• Liquid medications should be measured using either a syringe,
medication cup or special medication spoon. Occasionally a medication
will be packaged with a graduated dropper for measuring doses.
• product requires safe, secure and tamper-proof handling while
packaging.
• Filling machines with their automatic piston fills the bottles with
accurate volume of syrup ›
• Capping is done on bottle through capping machines › Plastic or
aluminum capsules are bound over the neck of the bottle for secure
sealing › Important details regarding packaging date & expiry date are
printed on bottles

16. CONT…
DISPENSING OPHTHALMIC / OTIC
MEDICATIONS:
Ophthalmic ointment are packaged in
1. Small collapsible tin tube usually holding 3.5g of product.
the pure tin tube is compatible with a wide range of drugs in
petrolatum-based ointments.
2. Aluminum tubes have been used because of their lower cost
and as an alternative of tin.
3. Plastic tubes made from flexible
LDPE resins have also been
considered as an packaging material.
• Filled tubes
may be tested
for leakers.
•The screw cap
is made of
polyethylene or
polypropylene

17. CONT..
DISPENSING PARENTERAL PREPARATIONS:
• Parenteral drugs are administered directly in to the veins,
muscles or under the skin , or more specialized tissues such as
spinal cord.
• Small volume intravenous injection is applied to an injection that
is packaged in containers labelled as containing 100 ml or less.
• USP permit the storage of WFI (water for injection ) at room
temperature maximum for only about 24hr.
• the water can not be used at 80º c , heat exchangers must be
installed to reduce the temperature at the point of use.
• They are packed in containers made of glass or plastic.
• Container system include vials, ampoules, syringes , cartridges ,
bags and bottles.

18. CONT..
DISPENSING MOUTH WASH:
 A wide mouthed, fluted, light resistant, screw-capped, glass-jar is
used
 Dispense in amboured colored bottle
 A wax card liner is used for screw caps (because iodine attacks
other materials).
 Since glycerin is hygroscopic solvent, it must be stored in tightly
close container
 A small quantity of Sodium Citrate or acetate is added as
preservative for longer time
 Apply with the help of soft brush or a cotton swab.
 Food and water before and after application of throat paint,
should be avoided for 1 hour
 For local application
 Store in a cool place.
 Shake the bottle before use.
 Not to be swallowed in large amount.

19. SEMI-SOLID
DOSAGE FORMS
• Pharmaceutical semisolid dosage
preparations include (ointments, pastes,
cream, plasters, gels and rigid foams).
• They contain one or more active
ingredients dissolved or uniformly
dispersed in a suitable base and any
suitable excipients such as emulsifiers,
viscosity increasing agents, anti microbial
agents, antioxidants, or stabilizing agents.

21. DISPENSING SEMI-SOLID
DOSAGE FORM
• Semi solids are the topical dosage form used for the
therapeutic, protective or cosmetic function. They may
be applied to the skin, or used nasally, vaginally, or
rectally.
• It is used externally .
• Probability of side effect can be reduce .
• First pass gut and hepatic metabolism is avoided
• Local action and Site specific action of drug on
affected area.

22. CONT…
 Store the semisolid until the specified quality control tests
have been completed before packaging into appropriate.
containers: tubes, jars, or single dose packets.
 A product is considered to be in process until it has been
packaged.
 The active substance in the cream or ointment may react
with the storage container unless a Highly resistant,
stainless steel, is used for bulk storage.
 Evaporation of water from a cream must be retarded; this
can be effectively accomplished by placing non-reactive
plastic sheeting in direct contact with the cream, as well as
covering the storage container with a tight-fitting stainless
steel lid.
 They are stored in tubes , jars , single dosage packets.

23. CONT…
 Some products require shaking before use. Check your
product package to see if your form of this medication
needs to be shaken.
 Before using this product for the first time, check if you
are allergic to it.
 Keep out of the reach of children.
 Store away from direct sunlight, heat and moisture.

24. GASEOUS DOSAGE FORM
• Suspensions of fine solid or liquid particles
in Gas.
• Also known as pressurized preparation-
packed in pressurized containers.
• Used in the treatment of asthma/ COPD/
RTI
• They are used in form of
1. aerosol sprays
2. inhalers
3. Nebulizers (atomizers)
COPD
( coronary
obstructive
pulmonary disease)
RTI
(respiratory tract
infection)

26. DISPENSING GASEOUS
DOSAGE FORM
DSPENSING INHALERS :
• Release of a dose of the medicament in the form of droplets of 50
um diameter or less from the container through a spring-loaded
valve incorporating a metering device.
• The patient then inhales the released drug through a mouthpiece.
• In some types, the valve is actuated by finger pressure, in other
types the valve is actuated by the patient breathing in through the
mouthpiece.
• It is commonly used to treat asthma and other respiratory
problems.

27. CONT…
DISPENSING
NEBULIZERS:
• A nebulizer is a device
used to administer
medication to people in
forms of a liquid mist to
the airways.
• It is commonly used in
treating asthma, and other
respiratory diseases.
• It pumps air or oxygen
through a liquid medicine
to turn it into a vapor,
which is then inhaled by
the patient.
Doctors generally prefer to
prescribe inhalers for their
patients, because:
1-These are cheaper
2- more portable
3- carry less risk of side effects.
Nebulizers, for that reason, are
usually reserved only for serious
cases of respiratory disease, or
severe attacks

28. GRAPHS ON THE BASIS
OF DIFFERENT SURVEYS

29. GRAPH ON THE BASIS OF DRUG
BEING USED BY POPULATION OF
PAKISTAN
TABLETS
INJECTION
S
CAPSULES
SYRUPS /
MIXTURES
TOPICAL
DRUG
MISCELLA
NIOUS
Column1 40% 5.50% 7% 24% 23% 0.50%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Column1
Column1

30. 61.22%
TEASPOONS
33.67%
TABLE
SPOONS
7.14%
ORAL CUPS
25.51%
SYRINGES
AND
DROPPERS
Sales
TEASPOONS TABLESPOONS ORAL CUPS SYRINGES AND DROPPERS
CHART ON THE BASIS OF
USE OF TOOLS FOR DRUG
ADMISNISTRATION

31. PIE CHART SHOWING VARIOUS
PRESCRIBED DRUGD
36%
CVS
20.80%
GIT
16%
ANTI-
INFECTIVE
9.40%
HEMATO
POITIC
8.2%
ANALGESICS
6.20%
CNS
2.40%
RESPIRATORY
1.20%
ENDOCRINOLOGY
Sales
CVS GIT ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS
HEMATOPOETIC AGENTS ANALGESICS CNS
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ENDOCRINOLOGY

32. CHART ON THE BASIS OF
MOST DISPENSED
DRUGS

33. REFRENCES
BOOK:
• Pharmaceutical dispensing and compounding.
LINKS AND SITES:
• Routes of administration and dispensing medications.
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication
• Slide share net
• Slide player
GRAPHS :
• Made by me.