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Transmission Media

• Guided
  –   Twisted Pair
  –   Cable
  –   Fiber
  –   Medium more important than the signal
• Unguided
  – Atmosphere
  – Outer Space
  – Signal more important than the medium
Spectrum for telecommunications
Twisted Pair

•   Two insulated copper wires in a spiral
•   Number of pairs are bundled together
•   Twisting decreases crosstalk
•   Most common form for analog and digital
•   Used in telephone system
•   Subscriber loops
    – From a person’s home to the local office of the phone company
• LANS
    – 10Mbps with newer at 100Mbps
Twisted pair
• Long Distance
    – 4 Mbps
    – ISDN – Integrated Services Digital Network
• Digital
    – Repeaters required every 2 –3 kilometers

• Analog
    – Amplifiers required every 5-6 kilometers
    – Bandwidth of 250KHz, carry a few voice channels
• Susceptible to noise, shielded and unshielded
• Compared to optical and coax twisted pair is limited in bandwidth,
  distance, and data rate
Coaxial Cable

• Hollow outer cylindrical conductor surrounding a single
  view
• Most versatile of mediums, used for TV, long distance
  telephone,and LAN’S
Coaxial Cable

•   Part of long distance telephone network
•   With FDM can carry over 10,000 voice channels
•   Transmits both analog and digital signals
•   Frequency characteristics superior to twisted pair
    – Less susceptible to noise
• For long distance
    – Amplifiers needed every few kilometers
    – Repeaters needed every kilometer or so
Optical fiber

• Thin, flexible light passing material made from glass or
  plastic
• Grouped into cables
Optical fiber
•   Better than coaxial cable or twisted pair
•   Data rates of 2Gbps over 10’s of Km
•   Light weight – good for buildings
•   Lower attenuation than coax or twisted
•   Not effected by extreme electromagnetic fields
    – Crosstalk and impulse
• Very difficult to tap – good security
• Applications
    – Long Haul trunks, metro trunks, rural exchange trunks, more
      recently beginning to displace twisted pair in subscriber loops and
      in LANS
Optical Fiber
• Operates in range 10**14 to 10**15 Hz
    – Infrared and visible spectrum
• Multimode
    – Variety of angles of light will reflect and propogate
• Single Mode
    – Radius of the core = order of a wavelength
    – Only single angle passes
    – Superior performance
• Two different light sources – both emit light when voltage applied
    – LED – Light Emitting Diode – less costly, longer life
    – ILD - Injection Laser Diode – greater data rate
Wireless

• Antennae
   – Directional
       • Focused EM beam
       • The higher frequency the more focused
   – Omnidirectional
       • Lower frequency
       • Spreads out to multiple receivers

• Three ranges of frequencies
   – 26GHz – 40GHz --- microwave
   – 30 MHz – 1GHz --- broadcast radio
   – 3x10**11 to 2x10**14 Hz --- infrared
Terrestrial Microwave
•   Parabolic dish
•   Narrow beam – line of sight on towers to avoid obstacles
•   Series of towers for long distance
•   Applications:
    – Long haul telephone
    – Voice and TV
    – Short point to point between buildings
• Main Source of loss
    – Attentuation – especially with rainful
    – Repeaters or amplifiers 10 to 100km
    – Interference with overlapping bands
Satellite Microwave
• It is essentially a microwave relay station
• Uplink
   – Receives transmission on one frequency
• Downlink
   – Transmits on a second frequency
• Operates on a number of frequency bands known as
  transponders
• Point to Point
   – Ground station to satellite to ground station
• Multipoint
   – Ground station to satellite to multiple receiving stations
Satellite Microwave
• Satellite orbit
    – 35,784 Km, to match earth rotation
    – Stays fixed above the transmitter/receiver station as earth rotates
• Satellites need to be separated by distance
    – Avoid interference
• Applications
    – TV, long distance telephone, private business networks


• Optimum frequency range
    – 1 – 10 GHz
    – Below 1GHz results in noise, above 10GHz results in severe attenuation
Broadcast Radio

• Omnidirectional unlike satellite
• Does not require dish like antennae
• Frequency range
   – Radio - 3kHz to 300Ghz
   – Broadcast radio – 30MHz to 1GHz
• Broadcast radio
   – Transmission limited to line of sight
   – Less sensitive to attenuation from rainfall than microwave
   – Prime source of interference is multipath
Infrared

• Tranceivers must be within line of sight of each other or
  via reflection
• Does not penetrate walls like microwave
• No frequency allocation or licensing

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Lecture3

  • 1. Transmission Media • Guided – Twisted Pair – Cable – Fiber – Medium more important than the signal • Unguided – Atmosphere – Outer Space – Signal more important than the medium
  • 3. Twisted Pair • Two insulated copper wires in a spiral • Number of pairs are bundled together • Twisting decreases crosstalk • Most common form for analog and digital • Used in telephone system • Subscriber loops – From a person’s home to the local office of the phone company • LANS – 10Mbps with newer at 100Mbps
  • 4. Twisted pair • Long Distance – 4 Mbps – ISDN – Integrated Services Digital Network • Digital – Repeaters required every 2 –3 kilometers • Analog – Amplifiers required every 5-6 kilometers – Bandwidth of 250KHz, carry a few voice channels • Susceptible to noise, shielded and unshielded • Compared to optical and coax twisted pair is limited in bandwidth, distance, and data rate
  • 5. Coaxial Cable • Hollow outer cylindrical conductor surrounding a single view • Most versatile of mediums, used for TV, long distance telephone,and LAN’S
  • 6. Coaxial Cable • Part of long distance telephone network • With FDM can carry over 10,000 voice channels • Transmits both analog and digital signals • Frequency characteristics superior to twisted pair – Less susceptible to noise • For long distance – Amplifiers needed every few kilometers – Repeaters needed every kilometer or so
  • 7. Optical fiber • Thin, flexible light passing material made from glass or plastic • Grouped into cables
  • 8. Optical fiber • Better than coaxial cable or twisted pair • Data rates of 2Gbps over 10’s of Km • Light weight – good for buildings • Lower attenuation than coax or twisted • Not effected by extreme electromagnetic fields – Crosstalk and impulse • Very difficult to tap – good security • Applications – Long Haul trunks, metro trunks, rural exchange trunks, more recently beginning to displace twisted pair in subscriber loops and in LANS
  • 9. Optical Fiber • Operates in range 10**14 to 10**15 Hz – Infrared and visible spectrum • Multimode – Variety of angles of light will reflect and propogate • Single Mode – Radius of the core = order of a wavelength – Only single angle passes – Superior performance • Two different light sources – both emit light when voltage applied – LED – Light Emitting Diode – less costly, longer life – ILD - Injection Laser Diode – greater data rate
  • 10. Wireless • Antennae – Directional • Focused EM beam • The higher frequency the more focused – Omnidirectional • Lower frequency • Spreads out to multiple receivers • Three ranges of frequencies – 26GHz – 40GHz --- microwave – 30 MHz – 1GHz --- broadcast radio – 3x10**11 to 2x10**14 Hz --- infrared
  • 11. Terrestrial Microwave • Parabolic dish • Narrow beam – line of sight on towers to avoid obstacles • Series of towers for long distance • Applications: – Long haul telephone – Voice and TV – Short point to point between buildings • Main Source of loss – Attentuation – especially with rainful – Repeaters or amplifiers 10 to 100km – Interference with overlapping bands
  • 12. Satellite Microwave • It is essentially a microwave relay station • Uplink – Receives transmission on one frequency • Downlink – Transmits on a second frequency • Operates on a number of frequency bands known as transponders • Point to Point – Ground station to satellite to ground station • Multipoint – Ground station to satellite to multiple receiving stations
  • 13. Satellite Microwave • Satellite orbit – 35,784 Km, to match earth rotation – Stays fixed above the transmitter/receiver station as earth rotates • Satellites need to be separated by distance – Avoid interference • Applications – TV, long distance telephone, private business networks • Optimum frequency range – 1 – 10 GHz – Below 1GHz results in noise, above 10GHz results in severe attenuation
  • 14. Broadcast Radio • Omnidirectional unlike satellite • Does not require dish like antennae • Frequency range – Radio - 3kHz to 300Ghz – Broadcast radio – 30MHz to 1GHz • Broadcast radio – Transmission limited to line of sight – Less sensitive to attenuation from rainfall than microwave – Prime source of interference is multipath
  • 15. Infrared • Tranceivers must be within line of sight of each other or via reflection • Does not penetrate walls like microwave • No frequency allocation or licensing