1. GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN
CENSUS OF INDIA 2011
WORK PARTICIPATION AND
MIGRATION
VARSHA JOSHI
DIRECTOR CENSUS OPERATIONS DELHI

2. FEMALE WORK PARTICIPATION
• ALL INDIA TREND OVER TIME
35
30 30.8
26.79
25 25.7
23.06
22.27
20 19.67 Total
Rural
15 Urban
11.9
10
9.19
8.31
5
0
1981 1991 2001
2

3. Male Work Participation Ratio- All
India trend overtime
55
54
53.77
53
52.62 52.58
52 52.11
51.61 51.68
51
50.6 Total
Rural
50
Urban
49 49.06 48.92
48
47
46
1981 1991 2001 (Table B-1)

4. • Female work participation rate is increasing
slowly but steadily. It is far lower in urban
areas than in rural areas. The increase for
rural areas is quite high at 7.6% over 20
years.
• Male work participation rate is decreasing in
rural areas and increasing in urban areas
while remaining, overall, fairly static.
4

5. Value of further analysis
• Since there is a wealth of previous Census data
available, it is worthwhile to analyse by various factors to
pinpoint the areas requiring greater care while netting
information for Census 2011
• Factors analysed:
o Geography & culture of states
o Urban vs rural areas
o Age groups
o Education
o Category of work
5

6. GEOGRAPHICAL TREND
50.0
47.5
45.0 43.7
40.0
40.0 39.0 38.7 38.6
38.1
36.5
35.1 35.1
35.0 33.5 33.2
32.0 31.5
30.8
30.0
27.9 27.3
27.2
26.4
25.6
24.7
25.0
22.5 22.4
21.1 20.7
20.0 19.1 18.8 18.6
18.3
17.2 16.6
16.5
15.4
15.0 14.2
9.4
10.0
7.3
5.0
0.0
6

7. Geographical trend
• North East and other tribal population states
tend to show highest FWP, followed by
Southern and then Western states.
• UP, Kerala, Bihar and Punjab are major states
having FWP below 20%
• Delhi and Chandigarh have very low FWP
which should be studied with reference to
urban segments of other states.
7

8. Worker’s sex ratio
• Number of female workers per 100
male workers
• Direct and useful indicator to
compare female and male work
participation
8

9. WORKERS’ SEX RATIO :Female WF per 100 Male WF (Total)
90
79
80 78 77
75
73
71
70
64
62 61
59 59
60
57
54 54 53
52
50
50
47 47 46 46
40 39 39
40 39
37
32 32 32 32 31
30
25
20 20
20
16
15
10
0
9

10. Female Work Force per 100 Male WF (Rural)
100
90
86
84 84
82 82
80 78
76
75 74 74 73
71
69
70 67
66
63 62 62
60 58
56
50
50 49 48
44 43 42
40 39 39
37 36
34
30 28
20
17 17
15
11
10
0
10

11. Female Work Force per 100 Male WF (Urban)
80
72
70
70
60
50
47
40
33
32
31 31
30
30 29 29 28
27
26 25
23 23 22
21 21 21
19
20 18 18 18 18 18 18 17 17
15 15 15 15
14 13 13
10
0
11

12. Labour force sex ratio
• Females per 100 males in 15-59 age group
who are either main or marginal workers or
are non workers willing to work
• Gives compensatory knowledge with respect
to factors which may prevent correct
declaration of work by respondent
12

13. Female Labour force available for work per 100 male Labour Force - INDIA
90
84
79
80 78
76 75 75
70
67
65
62 62
61 60
60 59 59 58
57
53
52 52
51 51
50 50
50 49 48 48 48 48
46
40 39 38
34 34
30
27
23
20 19
10
0
13

14. Female Labour force available for work per 100 male Labour Force - Rural
100
90
87
86 85 84
83
80
80 78
76 76 75 74 74
72
70 69
68
64
62
61
60 60 59
60 59 58
56
54 54
51
50
50
46
45
41
40 38
36
30
21
20 18
14
10
0
14

15. Female Labour force available for work per 100 male Labour Force - Urban
90
81
80
72
70
60
57
56 56
50
50
47
46
45
43 42 42
40 39
37 36
35 34 34
32 31 31
30 29 29 29 28
26
25 24 24
22 22 22 21
20
20 19 19
10
0
15

16. MALE & FEMALE WPR ACROSS
AGE GROUPS-INDIA
110
100
97 97
95
90 92
89
80 81
70 71 70
60 60
50 52 MWPR
48 49
46 47 FWPR
40 41 41 40
39 39
36 35
30
26 25 26
20 22 21
13
10 9
8 9
0 2
1
Total
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
15-59
A.N.S
80+
60+
16

17. WPR ACROSS AGE GROUPS-
INDIA (RURAL)
110
100
96 97 97
94
90 91
83
80
77 76
70
66
60
58 57
56 54 MWPR
50 52 52
49 49 FWPR
45 45
40
37 38
30 31 32 31
26 25
20
16
10 11
10 10
0 2
Total 10-14 20-24 30-34 40-49 60-69 80+ 15-59
17

18. WPR ACROSS AGE GROUPS-
INDIA (URBAN)
110
100
96 96
93
90
88
83
80
75
70
60
58
MWPR
50 51 51
FWPR
44
40 40
34
30
28
26
23 24
20 21 20
17 18
12 13 13
10 11
8 9
4 6 5
1 2
0
Total 10-14 20-24 30-34 40-49 60-69 80+ 15-59
18

19. WPR across age groups
• While the peak work participation is in the
35-49 age group both for males and
females, there is a steep rise for males
through age group 20-35 while the curve is
much flatter for females. Thus females of
child bearing age appear to be
disproportionately left behind in work
participation, and to a far greater extent in
urban areas compared to rural areas.
19

20. FWPR ACROSS NIC CATEGORIES-INDIA
FWP A+B C D E F G H I J &K L to Q
R
Total 25.60 19.62 0.08 2.60 0.02 0.32 0.55 0.06 0.09 0.48 1.80
Rural 30.77 26.21 0.08 2.43 0.01 0.21 0.40 0.04 0.04 0.32 1.03
Urban 11.84 2.07 0.06 3.04 0.04 0.60 0.94 0.10 0.22 0.90 3.87
INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES: A – Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry; B – Fishing; C – Mining
and Quarrying; D – Manufacturing ; E – Electricity, Gas and Water Supply; F – Construction;
G – Wholesale and Retail Trade; H – Hotels and Restaurants; I – Transport, Storage and
Communications; J – Financial Intermediation; K – Real Estate, Renting and Business
Activities; L – Public Administration and Defence, Compulsory Social Security; M –
Education; N – Health and Social Work; O – Other Community, Social and Personal Service
Activities; P – Private Households with Employed Persons; Q – Extra-Territorial Organisations
and Bodies. 20

21. FWPR ACROSS NIC CATEGORIES-INDIA
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
Total
Rural
15.00 Urban
10.00
5.00
0.00
FWPR A+B C D E F G H I J &K L to Q
21

22. Female workers per 100 males over Industrial
Categories - INDIA
45
41 41
40 39
36
35
35
35 34
30
30 29
27
25
22 Total
21
Rural
20 19 Urban
18
18 18
16
15
12
11
10 10
10 9
9 9
8 8
7 7
5
5 4 4
3
2
0 22
Main workers A&B C D E F G H I J &K L to Q

23. URBAN AREAS:
FWPR ACROSS EDUCATIONAL LEVELS- INDIA
Educational level FWPR
Total 11.88
Illiterate 12.88
Literate 11.30
Literate but below matric/secondary 8.19
Matric/secondary but below graduate 9.75
Technical diploma or certificate not equal to
degree 46.52
Graduate and above other than technical
degree 24.86
Technical degree or diploma equal to degree
or post-graduate degree 48.92
(Table B-3)

24. 60.00
50.00 48.92
46.52
40.00
30.00
24.86
20.00
11.88 12.88
11.30
9.75
10.00 8.19
FWPR
0.00

25. Education and work participation
• Females who have acquired technical
qualifications are more likely to be returned
as working compared to females having
other educational levels
25

26. Why is FWPR so low in Delhi?
• Economic reasons: similar to other urban
areas
• Social reasons: similar to neighbouring
states and states contributing most in-
migrants
26

27. FWPR FOR DELHI
35
30.8
30
26.79
25 25.7
23.06
22.27
20 19.67 Delhi Total
India Total
15 India Rural
India Urban
11.9
10 9.4
9.19
8.31
6.84 7.36
5
0
1981 1991 2001
(Table B-1)

28. FEMALE WORKERS PER 100 MALE WORKERS
ACROSS NIC CATEGORIES-DELHI
45
40 39
35
32
30
25
20 Total
16
15 14
10
7 7
6 6
6
5 5
5
0
Main A&B C D E F G H I J &K L to Q 28
workers

29. Work Participation across categories A to Q
L to Q J&K I H G F E D (HHI) D(NON) C A+B
Males 733295 323540 362357 74160 894063 279904 41294 106292 916731 14288 57599
Females 288667 51587 17041 4748 44161 19156 2642 18586 57616 817 18481
A – Agriculture, Hunting and
Forestry
B – Fishing A+B
C – Mining and Quarrying
D – Manufacturing C
E – Electricity, Gas & Water
Supply D(NO
F – Construction N)
G – Wholesale and Retail Trade D
H – Hotels and Restaurants (HHI)
I – Transport, Storage and
E
Communications
J – Financial Intermediation
K – Real Estate, Renting and F Males
Business Activities Females
L – Public Administration and G
Defence, Compulsory Social
Security H
M – Education
N – Health and Social Work I
O – Other Community, Social
and Personal Service Activities J&K
P – Private Households with
L to
Employed Persons
Q
Q – Extra-Territorial
Organisations and Bodies. 29
0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000

30. Categories returning unexpectedly
low worker sex ratio
• Household manufacturing
• Non- household manufacturing
• Construction
• Retail trade
30

31. Strategies for Census 2011
• Encourage enumerator to interact with at
least one male member and one female
member of the household if they are
available at home
• The publicity campaign, especially on
TV, should emphasise response from female
family members even if a male member is
present
31

32. More strategies: for urban areas
• Identify localities where female manual labour
and female household manufacturing is
expected to be high; Charge Officer must ensure
proper netting of information
• Get specific response regarding willingness to
work from female non workers
• Make special attempt to get response regarding
economic activities not having a formal
structure, such as “tupperware
ladies”, tuitions, beauty parlours/ boutiques etc
32

33. MIGRATION
In-migration to urban areas
Out- migration from rural areas

34. DELHI
• IN- MIGRATION IN URBAN AREAS: ARE
SINGLE MALES COMING IN MORE THAN
FAMILIES?
• IS THERE ANY DIFFERENCE IN FWPR AMONG
MIGRANTS COMPARED TO TOTALS?
34

35. Female Migrants from other States of India
with reason for Migration
60
Reason for Percent 48.7
50
Migration age
40
36.2
Work/Employment 4.4
30
Marriage 36.2 20
10.7
10
Moved with family 48.7 4.4
0
Work/Employment Marriage Moved with family Other reason
Other reason 10.7
35

36. Female migrants over 100 male migrants from
different States & U.Ts in NCT of Delhi
140
133
120
113
107 106
105
101 101 100
100 98 98 97
94 92 92
89 88 88 88
85
82 81 81 81
79 78
80 77 76
75 74
71
61
60 58 58
46
40
20
0
36

37. Strategy for Delhi
• “Netting the tenants”
• Targeted publicity in urbanised villages and
unauthorised colonies of Delhi
• Thorough inclusion of labour huts and similar
structures which have come up after 1st
phase (HLO)
37