The document analyzes the landscape and ecology of the Fargo-Moorhead region. It discusses issues like flooding, water supply and quality, soil erosion, and ecosystem extinction caused by unplanned development. However, it also identifies opportunities like downtown areas, universities, parks and trails, and restoring the native tallgrass prairie ecosystem. The analysis covers the region's geology, hydrology, land use and climate to understand how to create a more sustainable working landscape through integrated stormwater management and other solutions.
1. MOORH
FARGO
Ur Su Ru
holoscene
EAD
high performance
landscape systems
// An Integrated Solution
vc.hefti
NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY
0 5,000 10,000 20,000FT
Department of Landscape Architecture
MAY 2012 | dominic fischer
N
0 1.5 3 6 MI
2. NORTH DAKOTA
MINNESOTA
problem
statement
What if a connected system of landscape infrastructure,
a working landscape, could enhance ecological functioning
to serve as a civic asset rather than an environmental liability?
N
0 25 50 100MI
3. HYDROLOGY
[ integrated stormwater management
[ detention/retention
aquifer recharge)
[ wastewater treatment
[ soil conservation & formation
[ slope/soil stabilization
[ nutrient cycling
liability vs. asset
ECOLOGY
native prairie reconstruction
[ habitat
integrated wetlands [ biodiversity
RESIDENTS/community [ climactic regulation
urban infrastructure [ atmospheric regulation
[ interpretiv
flood concrete channel residents WILDLIFE/vegetation renewable energy
[ urban health solutions (social, psychological, and physiological)
CIVIC AMENITY
sustainable resources [ parks & open space
CITY PLANNERS/researchers
civic recreation [ recreation_structured_gathering spaces (ex. plazas)
user/client description
[ recreation_nonstructured (ex. walking/biking trails)
environmental education
[ trail systems & networks
major project elements
[ alternative transportation
[ hierarchy of circulation (creative solutions to avoid habitat fragmentation)
[ neighborhood connections
[ cultural heritage_
[ cultural heritage_ecological
ECONOMIC
[ community unity
[
[f conomic land use strategies -TBD
[ adaptive management
solutions
4. studyarea
1990 2000 2010
CASS
argusville 2560.65274 105,529
reilies acres 320.82212
north river 35.35728 year/city 1990 2000 2010
mapleton 2503.3699 fargo 74,111 90,599 105,529
oxbow 261.83059 25,830 west fargo 12,287 14,940 25,830
kindred 924.7076 moorhead 32,472 32,177 38,065
davenport 158.97206
briarwood 84.74632
harwood 771.37414 38,065 74,111 16,488 14,930
frontier 109.93365 12,287 2,653 10,890
west fargo 9701.61997 32,472 -295 5,888
prairie rose 25.59238
fargo 30752.53364
fargo et 17899.753
horace 6964.73221
total acreage~73076
CLAY
felton 648.593671
georgetown 650.556007
glydon 926.117521
sabin 289.453649
comstock 147.813195
dilworth 2055.383293
moorhead 12621.53659
total acreage~17339
MUNICIPAL
total acreage~90415
5. site
issues
flooding
water supply
water quality
“No snowflake in an avalanche mass wasting
ever feels responsible.” soil eroision
Stanisław Jerzy Lec, ecological extinction
poet & aphorist
unplanned sprawl
poor design
waste public space
6. FLOODING memorial bridge
fargo/moorhead border
http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3594/3395342393_49bbbf5c46_o.jpg
7. WATER SUPPLY west fargo aquifer
buffalo aquifer
http://www.merchantcircle.com/directory/ND-West-Fargo/cityphotos/4
8. WATER QUALITY aquifers, streams
drainage ditches
http://www.merchantcircle.com/directory/ND-West-Fargo/cityphotos/4
9. SLOPE STABILITY soil structure
water ways
http://www.ndsu.edu/fargo_geology/mass_wasting/slumptypes.htm
http://www.ndsu.edu/fargo_geology/mass_wasting/creep&flow.htm
10. SOIL EROSION water
wind
http://www.ndsu.edu/fargo_geology/mass_wasting/slumptypes.htm
http://www.ndsu.edu/fargo_geology/mass_wasting/creep&flow.htm
13. site
opportunity
downtown
culture
higher education history
design
NDSU
great plains microsoft MSUM
Concordia
existing park/trail
“Let everyone sweep ecosystem
in front of his own door, and tallgrass prairie
the whole world will be clean.” informed/aesthetic design river
wind
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,
German Playwright, Poet, Novelist and Dramatist
14. DOWNTOWN design, culture,
history
http://www.midwestliving.com/travel/destination/illinois/illinois-midewin-national-tallgrass-prairie/
16. INTELLECTUAL INDUSTRY great plains microsoft,
sanford health
http://microsoft.areavoices.com/2011/06/04/little-gem-on-the-prairie-inside-the-microsoft-campus/
17. EXISTING PARK & TRAIL fargo, moorhead,
west fargo
http://www.liveworkdream.com/2007/07/30/fargo-its-not-what-youd-expect/
18. ECOSYSTEM tallgrass prairie,
wind, river
http://www.midwestliving.com/travel/destination/illinois/illinois-midewin-national-tallgrass-prairie/
19. INFORMED DESIGN tallgrass prairie,
wind, river
http://www.midwestliving.com/travel/destination/illinois/illinois-midewin-national-tallgrass-prairie/
21. theoretical
postulate
“...there was a unity in this complication.
...one single question with many parts...
The one great central problem...the
[wise] use of the earth for the good of
man.”
“...a judicious expenditure for such objects is -Gifford Pinchot,
always a wise and safe investment.” Head of US Forest Service
-Horace Cleveland,
Joseph Paxton// Birkenhead Park_1842 on the Minneapolis/St. Paul park system
Community public parks. “ Compare the two maps one showing
Landscape Gardening Movement moved parks the opportunity, the other the miser-
from private to public when two streams of pro- Horace Cleveland// Minneapolis & St. Paul_1872 able present result. Do not the facts
gress converged,the rapid growth of technology, “The subject of public improvements in the form speak for themselves?”
and an increased demand for better living and of parkways is sure in its first inception to meet -Charles Eliot,
working conditions. with opposition.” on Boston’s lack of conservation
<1800 1842 1870 1900 2010>
royal parks > city parks >> park systems >>> national/state parks >>>> town planning >>>>> working landscapes >>>>>>
recreation > public health >> preservation >>> conservation & economics >>>> sustainability >>>>> resilience >>>>>>
Public Health_ 1870 “In the ten years succeeding...Central Park the Ebenezer Howard// “Garden City”_1898
Massachusetts Board of Health: increased valuation of taxable property in the... “Neither the Town magnet nor the
“all citizens have an inherent right to the enjoy- surrounding it was no less than $54,000,000, af- Country magnet represents the full
ment of pure and uncontaminated air, and wa- fording a surplus…sufficient... to pay the entire plan and purpose of nature.
ter, and soil, that this right should be regarded as cost of the park in less times than was required
belonging to the whole community, and that no for its construction.” Human society and the beauty of na-
one should be allowed to trespass upon it by his ture are meant to be enjoyed together.
carelessness and avarice” (Wellock, 2006). The Re- “...securing the areas that are needed before The two magnets must be made one...
port on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring they become so occupied or acquire such value Town and country must be married,
Population of Great Britain by Edwin Chadwick in as to place them beyond reach. Look forward for and out of this joyous union will spring
1842 emphasized medical authorities advocat- a century...when the city has a population of a a new....civilization” (Newton, 2006).
ing more city parks to “absorb deleterious gases.” million...They will have wealth enough...but all
Parks, reformers concluded, were the “lungs of their wealth cannot purchase a lost opportuni-
the city” and promoted health (Wellock, 2006). ty”
“...evident that St. Paul and Minneapolis ...will
become virtually one city...they should unite in
the designing...the area which now separates
them, by which they are to be mutually benefit- data/picture source
ted” (Newton, 2006).
23. site
analysis
ecology
geology
hydrology
water
land use flood
ditches
land use
“Knowing is not enough; we must apply. tallgrass prairie
Willing is not enough; we must do.” climatology river
wind
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,
German Playwright, Poet, Novelist and Dramatist
24. workinglandscape
OPERANT DISTIRBANCE REGIMES// drought>
About a third of the endangered species in the
United States make their homes in wetlands.
fire>> 4-5yr fire regime
grazing>>>
No other ecosystem in America removes as
much carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as
prairie grasslands (nps.gov, complex prairie eco-
system).
TALLGRASS PRAIRIE ECOSYSTEM
deep roots > water infiltration >> water/sediment filtration >>> recharging groundwater stores >>>
75-80% of the prairies biomass, or plant mate- slope stabilization >>>> erosion prevention >>>>> keeps silt from clogging streams >>>>>>
rial, is underground.
Beneath the surface lies the main stems or rhi-
zomes, running horizontally.
Here, they remain protected from drying, graz-
ing, trampling, fire, and frost.
Tough fibrous roots descend from these rhi-
zomes deep into the ground. Some plants have
been reported to go 10 to 15 feet deep (nps.gov,
complex prairie ecosystem). WET-MESIC
loam - silt - clay - sandy outwash
WET
silt - clay loam
Repeated Burn cycles create dark mineral and glacial till : alluvial deposits glacial till : alluvial deposits
nutrient rich top soil.
Restored prairies can reclaim many of their na- poorly drained saturated > a few days a normal year
tive qualities in as little as 10 years high groundwater table : gleying just below the A horizon high groundwater table
commonly ponded: winter, spring, after heavy rain soil waterlogged within root zone for
extended periods during growing season
4-5yr fire regime fire,
periodic prolonged flood events
headwater streams
floodplains
shallow swales
25. blackpoll warbler Dendroica striata BIRDS
Common loon Gavia immer summer breeding/ WET MESIC
GRAMINOID Big Bluestem Andropogon gerardi Big Bluestem Andropogon gerardi
horned grebe Podiceps auritus migration route/ Prairie Cordgrass Spartina pectinata Prairie Dropseed Sporobolus heterolepis
Bohemian waxwing Bombycilla garrulus yearround Mat Muhly Grass Muhlenbergia richardsonis Indian Grass Sorghastrum nutans
American coot Fulica Americana Narrow Reedgrass Calamagrostis stricta Little Bluestem Schizachyrium scoparium
American wigeon Anas Americana Wooly Sedge Carex pellita Prairie Cordgrass Spartina pectinata
American goldfinch Carduelis tristis Switchgrass Panicum virgatum Kalm’s Brome Bromus kalmii
American bittern Botaurus lentiginosus Switchgrass Panicum virgatum
American redstart Setophaga ruticilla Porcupine Grass Stipa spartea (important on drier site
Baird’s sparrow Ammodramus bairdii
FLOURA
black tern Chlidonias niger FORB Prairie Loosestrife Lysimachia quadriflora Northern Bedstraw Galium boreale
black-crowned night heron Nycticorax nycticorax Northern Bedstraw Galium boreale Purple Prairie Clover Petalostemon purpureum
blue-winged teal Anas discors Tall Meadow Rue Thalictrum dasycarpum Canada Goldenrod Solidago canadensis
bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus Wild Strawberry Fragaria virginiana Heath Aster Aster ericoides
burrowing owl Athene cunicluaria Golden Alexanders Zizia aurea Rigid Goldenrod S. rigida
common yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas Black-eyed Susan Rudbeckia hirta Maximilian Sunflower Helianthus maximiliani
Cooper’s hawk Accipiter cooperii White Camas Zigadenus elegans Heart leaved Golden Alexander aptera
Zizia
dickcissel Spiza Americana New England Aster Symphyotrichum novae-angliae
Black-eyed Susan Rudbeckia hirta
downy woodpecker Picoides pubescens INVERTEBRATES American burying beetle Nicrophorus americanus Sawtooth Sunflower Helianthus grosseserratus Tall Meadow Rue Thalictrum dasycarpum
evening grosbeak Coccothraustes vespertinus Dakota skipper Hesperia dacotae Cowbane Oxypolis rigidior Smooth Aster Aster laevis
gadwall Anas strepera Powesheik skipperling Oarisma poweshiek Mountain Mint Pycnanthemum virginianum Wild Strawberry Fragaria virginiana
grasshopper sparrow Ammodramus savannarum Regal fritillary Speyeria idalia Culver’s Root Veronicastrum virginicum White Camas Figadenus elegans
greater prairie-chicken Tympanuchus cupido Mountain Mint Pycnanthemum virginianum
killdeer Charadrius vociferus FISH Brook Stickleback Culaea inconstans SHRUB Slender Willow Salix petiolaris Golden Alexanders Zizia aurea
kingbird Tyrannus spp. Creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus American Willow Salix discolor Harebell Campanula rotundifolia
Lapland longspur Calcarius lapponicus Fathead minnow Pimephales promelas Wild Bergamot Monarda fistulosa
lark bunting Calamospiza melanocorys Johnny darter Etheostoma nigrum TREE Silver Maple Acer saccharinum Flodman’s Thistle Cirsium flodmanii
least tern Sterna antillarum Elm Ulmus Americana Hoary Puccoon Lithospermum canescens
loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus AMPHIBIANS/ Blanchard’s cricket frog Acris crepitans blanchardi Cottonwood Populus deltoides
REPTILES Cope’s gray treefrog Stiff Sunflower Helianthus rigidus
mallard Anas platyrynchos Hyla chrysoscelis Willow Salix alba Rough Blazing Star Liatris aspera
marbled godwit Limnosa fedoa Northern redbelly snake Storeria o. occipitomaculata Pale Spiked Lobelia Lobelia spicata
marsh wren Cistothorus pallustris Plains garter snake Thamnophis radix Wood Lily Lilium philadelphicum
mourning dove Zenaida macroura Prairie skink Eumeces septentrionalis Prairie Onion Allium Allium stellatum
northern harrier Circus cyaneus Snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina Wild Licorice Glycyrrhiza lepidota
northern pintail Anas acuta Spiny softshell Trionyx spiniferus Smooth Rattlesnake-root Prenanthes racemosa
northern shoveler Anas clypeata Tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum Grass-leaved Goldenrod Solidago graminifolia
FAUNA
olive-sided flycatcher Contopus cooperi Wood Betony Pedicularis canadensis
orange-crowned warbler Vermivora celata MAMMALS Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus Indian Paint Brush Castilleja coccinea
osprey Pandion haliaetus Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus Downy Phlox Phlox pilosa
pine grosbeak Pinicola enucleator White-tailed jackrabbit Lepus townsendii White Prairie Clover Dalea candidum
piping plover Charadrius melodus Northern pocket gopher Thomomys talpoides White Sage Artemisia ludoviciana
red crossbill Loxia curvirostra Plains pocket gopher Geomys bursarius
red-headed woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus American badger Taxidea taxus SEMI-SHRUB Prairie Rose Rosa arkansana
red-winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus Elk Cervus elaphus Fragrant False Indigo Amorpha nana (common on moister
redhead Aythya americana American bison Bison bison Leadplant Amorpha canescens (shrub/legume)
ring-billed gull Larus delawarensis Coyote Canis latrans
sedge wren Cistothorus platensis Franklin’s ground squirrel Spermophilus franklinii SHRUB Canada Wildrye Elymus canadensis
short-eared owl Asio flammeus Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus Compass Plant S. lacinatum
snow bunting Plectrophenax nivalis Jumping mice Zapus spp. Fringed Gentian Gentianopsis crinata
Sprague’s pipit Anthus spragueii Meadow jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius Prairie Panic Grass Panicum leibergii
Swainson’s hawk Buteo swainsoni Least weasel Mustela nivalis Sawtooth Sunflower Helianthus grosseserratus
upland sandpiper Bartramia longicauda Little brown myotis Myotis lucifugus Pale Purple Coneflower Echinacea angustifolia (common on d
veery Catharus fuscescens Long-tailed weasel Mustela frenata Prairie Bird-foot Violet Viola pedatifida
Virginia rail Rallus limicola Meadow voles Microtus pennsylvanicus Alumroot Heuchera richardsonii
western meadowlark Sturnella neglecta Mink Mustela vison mink Mustela vison Prairie Cinquefoil Potentilla arguta
white-winged crossbill Loxia leucoptera Mule deer Odocoileus hemionus Missouri Goldenrod S. missouriensis
white-faced ibis Plegadis chihi Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus Bicknell’s Sedge Carex bicknellii
whooping crane Grus americana Prairie vole Microtus orchrogaster Rattlesnake Master Eryngium yuccifolium
willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus Red fox Vulpes vulpes
Wilson’s phalarope Phalaropus tricolor Richardson’s ground squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii
yellow warbler Dendroica petechia Striped skunk Mephitis mephitis
yellow rail Coturnicops noveboracensis Thirteen-lined ground squirrel Spermophilus tridecemlineatus
yellow-bellied sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus
yellow-rumped warbler Dendroica coronata
26. climatology
15 3- 7 3.5 70
average sunshine (hrs)
average wind speed (mph)
average snowfall (in)
average perciptation (in)
average temperature (F)
13 22nd S
11
9
9-
6
5
3
2.5
60
50
//Northern hemisphere_northern temperate zone_humid continental
9
7 15 4 2 40 D
5 15- 3 1.5 30 N
3 21 2 1 20 21st
1 21- 1 0.5 10
0 27 0 0 0
21st
June
21st
M
S D
N
summer winds > September November < winter winds > February May <
4
4% 8% 12% 16% 20%
WIND POWER
N season > August < fall season > November < winter season > March < spring season > May < summer
0º
330º 30º 14th 21st 14th 21st
20º
9:25 40º 5:33
300º 9pm 60º
6am 9am
60º
m 9a
6p m
270º 90º
3pm
1pm
12
m
9
6a
6p
240º 120º
m
7:5
1
4:4
3
9am
12 6pm
3pm
210º 150º
180º
27. geology //Glacial movement_glacial melt_soil depth & composition
/long-term drought water supply
/sustainable water resources use
glacial river lake
above sea level
surface outwash overbank offshore
sands Qlg
holocene
Oahe Fm. Qha
caisson depth
900ft
Sherack Formation Qlo
Poplar River Fm. Qpwf
W.Fargo Mbr. Qph
Harwood Mbr.
850 Brenna Formation Qb
Argusville Formation Qarg
sediment Qrs
sediment Qro
QUATERNARY
800
till Qus
sand & gravel Qgo
SURFICIAL GEOLOGY
aquifers
till Qgs
pleistocene
BURIED sand & gravel Qoo
SURFICIAL 750
till Qos
sand & gravel Qto
till Qts
700
undivided bedrock
CRETACEOUS
Cretaceous bedrock
550
Pre-Cretaceous bedrock
28. precipitation
evaporation
moorhead aquifer
transperation & evaporation
SURFICIAL GEOLOGY
west fargo aquifer system
buffalo aquifer
West Fargo Aquifer 415 bgals buried
Moorhead surficial
Buffalo Aquifer 250 bgals surficial
SECTION
near surface water flow
deep regional water flow
29. workinglandscape
DATASTREAM>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
average monthly average monthly
water use water system losses
These water losses are attributed to pipe leaks>>
FARGO
1996 440 120.1 Distance transport suggested by the Red River Valley
1997 326 49.6 Location Past area (ha.) Current area (ha.) Decline (%)
1998 421 12.3 Water Supply Project would be far more expensive
1999 361 39.3 in losses and construction than acquiring land for a Manitoba 600,000 300 99.9
2000 420 29.9 high performance ‘Wetland Recharge’ landscape.
2001 415 21.1 Minnesota 7,300,000 30,000-60,000 99.2-99.6
Bureau of Reclamation’s solutions range:
North Dakota 130,000 120 99.9
total ~2383 ~366.4 millions of gal. $28,240,000 - 150,711,000
TALLGRASS PRAIRIE ECOSYSTEM
PRAIRIE/FLOOD CORRELATION OVER TIME
ANNUAL PEAK STREAMFLOW 120,000
80,000
50YR 40,000
100YR
500YR
0 cubic ft/sec
18
19
20
19
20
50
50
10
00
00
1800 1870 1970>
One 2000)the biggest wetland areas in the world was from Manitoba/Dakotas to Ontario/Ohio
of . American farmers drained 17 million hectares of wetland, United States drained half.
(McNeill, (McNeill, 2000)
settlement> prairie grasses removed>> fields ploughed>>> drainage ditches>>>> drainage tiles>>>>> increased runoff>>>>>>
landform > climate >> limited waterholding/slowing vegetative cover >>> impervious surfaces >>>> encouraged drainage >>>>> upstream development >>>>>>
.
FLOOD STAGES Channelization = fewer floods + invites people to settle in floodplains . . when it does flood causes = > damage + damages alluvial ecosystems ex. 1990_Mississippi had 26 dams 1993_flood $12 billion in damage
flooding
ponding
protected
floodwall
levee [constructed]
levee [earthen]
levee [sandbag]
0 40,000FT
N
0 6MI
30. hydrology //Red River Basin_~45,000 sq mi
/flood control
/water quality control
upstream
RED RIVER
Whapeton, ND USA Elv. 948
Lake Winnipeg, ON Canada Elv. 712
Elv. Change 223ft
downstream
FLOOD
base 34103
prelim 285
brkout 3269 site of erosion
100yr 70401 site of deposition
500yr 34102
total 142160 acres
HYDROLOGY_FLOOD
Annual Fargo-Moorhead metropolitan flood
damages est. $194.8 million
2011 Fargo submitted FEMA claims of $5.9 million.
This is not a Federal problem and should not grant
federal aid. This is an annual issue that locals need
to solve, financed out of their own community for
choosing to live in a floodzone
silt & clay deposits
Army Corps of Engineers flood solutions range: oxbow lake
$1,032 - 1,462 million
All alternatives consist of a >24 mile ditch often
concrete
0 10,000 30,000FT
Rochester, MN solved a similar problem with a park
0 1 2 6MI system and limited hard infrastructure for $140
boundary_ site water_ river
million
municipal stream
flood_ brkout built_ channel/levee
50YR manmade water
100YR drainage ditch
500YR
31. MASS WASTING _riverbank slumping
Development >septic install
>added weight >water adds weight
>increases runoff weakening soils
<
>>ground water builds >>>native vegetation removal >>>>vegetation removal
HYDROLOGY_DRAINAGE
>added weight >deep rooted plant removal >soil saturates with no
reduces slope stability plants take water
>reduces infiltration
>increases rate of runoff
>Riverbank begins to slump >>further slumping >>>foundation shifts
>>>>foundation cracks >>>>>house removed
0 10,000 30,000FT
0 1 2 6MI
The stratigraphic relationships of offshore lacustrine Sherack and Brenna
boundary_ site
municipal
Formations cause engineering and environmental geologic problems in
water_ river
built_ channel/levee
manmade water combination with hydraulic movement.
stream o/l_ 100YR
drainage ditch 100YR/aquifer
32. workinglandscape
1 acre of established prairie can absorb 9” of rainfall/hr before runoff occurs, and will drainage ditches_cass 31.97
DATASTREAM>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
intercept as much as 53 tons of water during a 1-inch per hour rain event (Tallgrass drainage ditches_clay 1033.09
Prairie Restorations, LLC).
total 135.6 miles
In IL, est. percentage increase in wetland area reduces downstream peak flows 3.7%
average flood flows 1.4%. Study of sub-watersheds of the Mississippi River found:
deep wetlands reduce flood peaks 1-23%, shallow wetlands 5-9%. classified as threatened
ammonia
In Minnesota, wetland restoration costs range $95 -30,000 per acre biological oxygen demand
dissolved oxygen
fecal coliform bacteria
. . . restoring the entire acreage of Fargo to sulfate concentration
wetland would cost half as much as the pro- agricultural chemicals
posed diversion Atrazine:
average annual use 2.152-9.855 lbs/sq. mi
TALLGRASS PRAIRIE ECOSYSTEM
lethal:750 mg/kg in rabbits
Endosulfan:
average annual use 0.26 lbs/sq. mi
lethal: 35 mg/kg in humans
(usgs.gov)
The United State pays around $20 billion per year in
“sustainable and effective management of Agricultural subsidies.
water resources demands a holistic approach - Wind and flood erosion in the area removes the nu-
linking socioeconomic development with the trient rich black topsoil formed by the prairie fire
protection of natural ecosystems and appropriate regime, requiring increasing dependence on fertiliz-
ers, in turn polluting waterways.
management links between land and water uses.”
World Meteorological Organization, 2011 Decaying prairie plants assimilated nutrients and re-
turned them to the ground, creating rich, dark soils
33. land use/transport
LAND USE & ZONING
SCHEMATIC PLAN
0 10,000 30,000FT
0 1 2 6MI
boundary_ site
municipal
built_ channel/levee
water_ river manmade water
stream o/l_ 100YR 0 10,000 30,000FT
drainage ditch 100YR/aquifer
0 1 2 6MI
34. Ru Rural Park System
preventative_
highly functional tallgrass prairie wetland ecological parks
1. Wastewater Wetland Park Sub-System
2. West Aquifer Park Sub-System
3. Buffalo Aquifer Park Sub-System
1. Rural to Suburban transition parks
Su Suburban Park System
mitigative_
neighborhood park with integrated wetland functions
SCHEMATIC ANALYSIS
2. Neighborhood parks
3. Suburban to Urban systems
Ur Urban Park System
interpretive_
wet tallgrass prairie functions integrated into highly structured spaces
1. Urban parks
2. Urban river parks
0 10,000 30,000FT
0 1 2 6MI
35. Ur Su Ru
grey material green material
grey fabric green fabric
structure ecology
educational mitigative functionalprocess)
(describing process) (programming
interpretive ecological
Reniassance Zone aesthetic Great Plains Microsoft aesthetic
36. I-29
27TH ST N
HWY
HWY 9 N
75 N
Ru Rural Park System
preventative_
BROADWAY ST NW
highly functional tallgrass prairie wetland ecological parks
1. Wastewater Wetland Park Sub-System
r
ve
Ri
2. West Aquifer Park Sub-System Ru1
sh
Ru
3. Buffalo Aquifer Park Sub-System
40 AVE N
r
e Rive
Mapl 28TH AVE N
Su Suburban Park System 19 AVE N
12 AVE NE
15 AVE N
HWY 10
mitigative_ Ur2
neighborhood park with integrated wetland functions MAIN AVE E
Ur1
1. Rural to Suburban transition parks 13 AVE S 12 AVE S
2. Neighborhood parks Su2
3. Suburban to Urban systems Su1 Su3
32 AVE S
Ru2 60TH AVE S
HWY 9
40 AVE S
VETERANS BLVD
Ur
45 ST
Urban Park System
25 ST
interpretive_
wet tallgrass prairie functions integrated into highly structured spaces
1. Urban parks
I-94
2. Urban river parks
I-29
SHEYANNE ST
HWY 75 S
UNIVERSIT Y DR S
Ru3 HW
Y5
2S
Ag1
boundary_ site water_ river park_ rural
municipal stream rural < > suburban
suburban
street_ arterial trail_ w/ snowmobile trails [Ag a] suburban < > urban
urban
160AVE S
collector w/ street/sidewalk [Ag b]
local core red river trail
rail drainage ditch
0 10,000 30,000FT
Buffalo Ri
Red R
r Wild Ric iver
e Rive
0 1 2 6MI
yan n
37. I-29
27TH ST N
HWY
HWY 9 N
75 N
Ru Rural Park System
preventative_
BROADWAY ST NW
highly functional tallgrass prairie wetland ecological parks
1. Wastewater Wetland Park Sub-System
r
ve
Ri
2. West Aquifer Park Sub-System Ru1
sh
Ru
3. Buffalo Aquifer Park Sub-System
40 AVE N
r
e Rive
Mapl 28TH AVE N
19 AVE N
15 AVE N
12 AVE NE HWY 10
MAIN AVE E
13 AVE S 12 AVE S
32 AVE S
Ru2 60TH AVE S
HWY 9
40 AVE S
VETERANS BLVD
45 ST
25 ST
I-94
I-29
SHEYANNE ST
Ru3
1
HWY 75 S
RURAL PARK ENTRY SIGNAGE (typ.)
UNIVERSIT Y DR S
a n.t.s. HW
Y5
2S
boundary_ site water_ river park_ rural
municipal stream rural < > suburban
suburban
street_ trail_ suburban < > urban
arterial
collector
w/ snowmobile trails [Ag a]
w/ street/sidewalk [Ag b] urban 160AVE S
local core red river trail
rail drainage ditch
0 10,000 30,000FT
Buffalo Ri
Red R
r Wild Ric iver
e Rive
0 1 2 6MI
yan n
38. 1 Ru
2
3
functional
Buffalo Aquifertallgrass prairie wetland ecological parks
preventative_highly functional
Park
PROGRAM
walking/running hunting/fishing/ camping (permitted)
dog walking
hiking field trips
biking interpretive education
horseback riding research
canoeing (water level dependent)
kayaking (water level dependent) prescribed burning
adaptive management
snowshoeing CRP integration
cross country skiing natural resource use
ice skating flood control
aquifer recharge
festivals (permitted) sustainable energy generation
5 RURAL PARK MASTER/SECTION SAMPLE
a n.t.s.