Geographic information system – an introduction
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Geographic information system – an introduction
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Plus de Obli Rajendran VinodhKumar, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly
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Geographic information system – an introduction
- 1. Geographic Information System – An Introduction Dr Vinodh Kumar O.R Division of Epidemiology ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly-243 122
- 2. Dr John Snow is known as the ‘father of modern epidemiology’ because of the famous case of the 1854 Cholera outbreak in London’s Broad Street region. Dr. John Snow 1854 Cholera outbreak in London's Broad Street region Disease Mapping
- 3. Father of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Roger Tomlinson 1933-2014 Canada Geographic Information System
- 4. GIS + Information System Geography GIS links geographical features (spatial) to tabular data (attribute) GIS has two key activities: (1) to visualize spatial information, or “make maps,” and (2) to analyze spatial information, or “ask questions of the maps and data.”
- 5. Geographic information system • GIS is computerized information system that allows for the capture, storage, manipulation, analysis, display and reporting of geographically referenced data. • The geographic information is organized in the form of various layers or strata of thematic maps with their related attributes. • GIS can be used as a tool for any discipline which handles data that can be connected with geographical locations, such as countries, regions, communities, or co-ordinates (Norstrom, 2001).
- 6. Methods of representing geographic space
- 8. Data structure in GIS • Spatial data • Vector: In vector-based systems, geographical features are represented as points, arcs and polygons. • Raster: In grid- or raster- based systems, spatial information is aggregated by superimposing a grid over the area of interest; the user can specify the dimensions of the grid pattern.
- 9. Difference
- 10. Epidemiology Place (Geography) It is estimated that over 90% of health data (animal and human) has a spatial or geographical component . Population Time A picture is worth thousand words It provides insight about a disease situation and is a value-addition Need for Spatial Epidemiology
- 11. Questions to be asked in spatial epidemiology are: Where are the incidences located? What are the environmental characteristics of these areas? Are there associations between incidences and the environment at other locations? And, what patterns are evolving?” (Nicol, 1991)
- 12. Spatial analysis … what we require? Disease data Time (if available date wise very good) No of cases (no. affected) Total population No of deaths Demographic Data Species wise data weather Data Rainfall Temperature Wind speed Wind direction Relative humidity Vector Data Socio-economic Data Land Cover and Land Use Data Soil Data Remote sensing data Digital Maps – shape file Lat Long GIS Software Skill and interest
- 13. Analysis that can be done in spatial epidemiology Disease mapping Cluster detection Geographic correlation studies The assessment of risk in relation to a point or line-source (predictive risk mapping)
- 14. 2004 2006 2007 Dotmaps Choropleth Isopleth
- 19. KRISHI – ICAR Geo portal
- 22. GIS Software
- 23. QGIS
- 25. Adding locations
- 26. QGIS
- 27. QGIS- CSV file
- 28. QGIS
- 29. Point locations
Notes de l'éditeur
- This Dr John Snow story is about spatial analysis or, in other words, on how the location in which events take place can have help us understand better the nature of phenomenon. At the time of the breakout, cholera was not understood to be geographically related. However, as soon as location of deaths was introduced into the picture it was clear that this was a geographical problem. The most interesting point of this story is that there were no computers used for the analysis. But we still consider it to be a story about GIS. Why is that?
- A GIS can be best defined by defining the two parts of the term; geography and information system. Geography is a science that deals with the earth and life on the earth, while an information system is a way to capture, store, retrieve, sort, and process data to support some analytic process.
- instance measuring the distribution of outbreaks against vaccination activity, i.e “is there more FMD in non-vaccinated areas”; and finally geography is a very useful framework for communication as information is more easily understandable when mapped, for example “how does the livestock health in Karnataka compare to Tamil Nadu”.