A summary for agronomy students about plants

2. Plants are essential for any ecosystem. They provide all the energy for the
ecosystem, because they can get energy directly from sunlight. They use a process
called photosynthesis to use energy from the sun to grow and reproduce. They also
must get nutrients from the soil. Those nutrients get into the soil when decomposers
break down waste and dead materials. Plants require space to grow and reproduce.
All other organisms in the food chain get energy from plants, either by directly
eating them as herbivores do, or by eating plant eaters, like carnivores do.

3. How do seed plants grow and reproduce?

5. Is the process of creating new plants from a variety of sources: seeds, cuttings, bulbs and
other plant parts. Plant propagation can also refer to the artificial or natural dispersal
of plants.
•Sexual Popagation: Spores: Pollination, fertilization
•Asexual or Vegetative Propagation:

6. Seed germination is a process by which a seed embryo develops into a seedling. Plants need
water, warmth, air, nutrients from the soil, carbon dioxide, and light to continue to grow.

9. Apex

11. Stem
Neck
Suberised area
Ramifications
Pilifera area
Zone of elongation
Root cap
Primary root (Taproot)
Secondary root
(Lateral root)
Root hair
Maturation zone

12. The embryo is the baby plant. It consists of plumule, radicle and cotyledon.
The endosperm is a source of stored food, consisting primarily of starches.
The seed coat consists of one or more protective layers that encase the seed.
Seed coat
Stored food
Embryo

14. or cork

15. Grafting :
Approach Tabbed splicing Splice Bud
Crown Plaque Lateral
Wedge

16. Air or ground layering:
Layering is a means of plant propagation in which a portion of an
aerial stem grows roots while still attached to the parent plant and
then detaches as an independent plant.
Division:
Plant (usually an herbaceous perennial) is broken up into two or more
parts. Both the root and crown of each part is kept intact.
Micropropagation o tissue culture:
Practice of rapidly multiplying stock plant material to produce a large number
of progeny plants, using modern plant tissue culture methods. Is used to
multiply noble plants such as those that have been genetically modified or
bred through conventional plant breeding methods

17. Stolons or runners
Horizontal connections between organisms. They may be part of the organism, or
of its skeleton; typically, animal stolons are external skeletons.
Storage Organ:
Part of a plant specifically modified for storage of energy (generally in the form
of carbohydrates) or water. Storage organs often grow underground, where they are
better protected from attack by herbivores
Striking or cuttings:
A piece of the stem or root of the source plant is placed in a suitable medium such as
moist soil, potting mix, coir or rock wool. The cutting produces new roots, stems, or both,
and thus becomes a new plant independent of the parent.
Twin-scaling
increase bulbs that would naturally propagate very slowly, or to speed up the production
of desirable cultivars. Using twin-scaling it is possible to multiply one bulb into 16 to 32
(or more) viable bulbs.

18. Types of Roots
Clasifications…

19. The root is a plant body itself, which usually grow inside the earth,
reverse the stem. The roots are the organs of plants that are responsible
for the absorption of those materials needed by the plant to grow and
develop. Besides this, it serves as a support of the plant and they can be
classified in different ways.

20. According to their origin
Embryonic: When it’s originated in the embryo radicle
Adventitious: are roots that develop from other organs , stem ,
leaves, flowers.

21. According to their appearance:
Principal: The first that appears. Secondary :
Rootlets below primary and are smaller
Tertiary …

22. According to its development and shape
Axonomorfa root (Pivoting- Taproot) : This consists of a root
containing greater thickness , considered the principal, and others
coming out of it and are characterized by being thinner.
Fasciculata root (Fibrous) : These , unlike the above , lack a
taproot , but all have a similar thickness
Napiform root (Elongated taproot) : These developes a
main fat primary root, which function is to store and
reserve substances .

23. Tuberoid root (Tuberous root) : Are fibrous root that became fat
because of the accumulation of nutrients
Branched: Do not have a primary root. They resemble to the
branches of a tree
Columnar: Are roots columns shaped that are
born in the branches and grow up hit the
ground

24. According to their habitat:
Subterraneous ”Underground”
: They develop underground.
Aerial roots are roots that grow above ground level , not being ,
therefore , buried in the substrate.
Aquatic: They develop in the water. They are
deployed in the water and wetlands. These
roots are characteristic of aquatic plants and
remain in the water, floating, without holding
anything.
Apneumatophoros (respiratory roots)

25. Parasite roots (Hastorious): They stuck on another plant,
sucking the nutrients from it.
Epiphyte: Refers to any root that grows on another plant
using it only as a support, but not parasitic . These roots
are sometimes called " air plants " because they do not
take root on the ground. However, there are many species
of algae , including marine , that are epiphytes on other
aquatic species

26. According to their duration
Annual: these roots make plants sprout , bloom and die during the
course of a year. For example , wheat
Biennial: it has two periods.
First growing period : at this stage , the plant develops short branches . On the
other hand , it causes a number of nutrients that are served in the root plants
with this type usually require root cold to flourish.
Second multiplication period : during the second year , the rods containing the
flowers , and the plant begins to use those substances stored in the root
develop.
Persistent : grow on plants whose life cycle extends over two
years , as trees and shrubs.

27. According to their consistency:
Ligneous (Woody): Is typical of trees and shrubs because of
its hardness and strength.
Semi ligneous (Half Woody): Are less resistant than woody .
Herbaceous: These roots are flexible and thin , lacking of woody
tissue .
Fleshy: These roots store food substances

28. Among others
Girdling roots : these roots are also parasitic , but differently, there
is no penetration for removal of sap , occurring just strangulation of
the host species .
Xilopodios : Grow in areas where rains are scarce, forcing them to
store water to survive these stages
Contractile : these roots are long, turgid , fleshy and
adventitious . Trailing plant bud under or near the soil
surface at a distance such as to allow its development

29. Buttresses roots roots are expanded in the form of sheets ,
which serve as a buttress tree. Are large roots on all sides
of a shallowly rooted tree. Typically, they are found in
nutrient-poorrainforest soils.
Stilts: Roots that develop on the stem, more precisely at
its base and from there extend to the floor for support.

30. Types of Leaves
Clasifications…

31. An usually green, flattened, lateral structure attached to a stem and
functioning as a principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in most plants.

32. Stalked Unstalked

36. rhomboidal

37. sinuateserrate