DIDÁCTICA DEL INGLES COMO LENGUA EXTRANJERA

1. TEACHING ENGLISH
GRAMMARhttp://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/english-grammar-guide/
MG. EVELYN GUILLÉN CHÁVEZ

2. NOUNS
Nouns are people, places, or things, They tell us what we
are talking about. The wordscat, Jack, rock, Africa, & it are
nouns.
Using nouns correctly in English is relatively simple, with
standard rules and only a few exceptions. Use these pages to
learn about the English grammar rules for gender, plurals,
countable and uncountable nouns, compound nouns,
capitalization, nationalities, and forming the possessive.

3. ADJECTIVES
Adjectives modify, or describe, nouns. The words tall,
beautiful, irresponsible, & boring are adjectives.
 ADJECTIVES IN ENGLISH
• Definition of adjectives
• Recognizing and places adjectives in sentences
• The order of adjectives when using several in a row
• Forming comparative and superlative adjectives
• Using adjectives to compare attributes
• Adjectives describing equal quantities
• Adjectives describing unequal quantities

4. ADVERBS
Adverbs modify adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs. They
tell us how, when, and where things happen. They express
quantity, intensity, frequency, and opinions.
 ADVERBS IN ENGLISH
• What adverbs are and what they are for
• Forming adverbs from adjectives
• Forming the comparative and the superlative of adverbs
• Adverbs of place
• Adverbs of time
• Adverbs of manner
• Adverbs of degree
• Adverbs of certainty
• Viewpoint and commenting adverbs
• Relative adverbs
• Interrogative adverbs

5. DETERMINERS
Articles, quantifiers, and other determiners modify nouns.
They resemble adjectives in that way. Determiners help us
say what we are talking about.
 DETERMINERS IN ENGLISH
• Definite article : the
• Indefinite articles : a, an
• Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
• Pronouns and possessive determiners : my, your, his, her, its, our, their
• Quantifiers : a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, most, some, any,
enough
• Numbers : one, ten, thirty
• Distributives : all, both, half, either, neither, each, every
• Difference words : other, another
• Pre-determiners : such, what, rather, quite

6. VERBS & VERB TENSES (1)
Verbs are action words. They tell us what is happening and
when (past, present, future). Verbs can also express
possibilities and conditions.
Present Tenses in English Examples
Simple present tense They walk home.
Present continuous tense They are walking home.
Past Tenses in English
Simple past tense Peter lived in China in 1965.
Past continuous tense I was reading when she arrived.
Perfect Tenses in English
Present perfect tense I have lived here since 1987.
Present perfect continuous I have been living here for years.
Past perfect We had been to see her several times
before she visited us.
Past perfect continuous He had been watching her for some
time when she turned and smiled.
Future perfect We will have arrived in the States by
the time you get this letter.
Future perfect continuous By the end of your course, you will have
been studying for five years.
Future Tenses in English
Simple future tense They will go to Italy next week.
Future continuous tense I will be travelling by train.

7. VERBS & VERB TENSES (2)
Verbs are action words. They tell us what is happening and
when (past, present, future). Verbs can also express
possibilities and conditions.
Conditional Tenses in English
Zero conditional If ice gets hot it melts.
Type 1 conditional If he is late I will be angry.
Type 2 conditional If he was in Australia he would be
getting up now.
Type 3 conditional She would have visited me if she had
had time.
Mixed conditional I would be playing tennis if I hadn't
broken my arm.
The -ing forms in English
Gerund I like swimming.
Present participle She goes running every morning.
Infinitives
Passive voice

8. SPEECH
When we report what someone says, we can cite the person
directly or indirectly. Indirect speech rules are an important
area of grammar.
 REPORTING SPEECH IN ENGLISH
• Defining direct and indirect speech
• How to change verb tenses when reporting speech
• How to change time and place references when reporting speech
• Reporting questions
• Verbs used to report speech
• How to report orders, requests, and suggestions
• How to report hopes, intentions, and promises

9. RELATIVE CLAUSES
 Relative clauses are non-essential parts of a sentence.
They may add meaning, but if they are removed, the
sentence will still function grammatically. There are two
broad types of relative clauses in English. It is important
to distinguish between them because it affects the choice
of pronoun used to introduce the clause.

10. RELATIVE CLAUSES (1)
We use relative clauses in English to create more complex
and more precise sentences.
 DEFINING CLAUSES
A defining or identifying clause tells us which specific person or thing we are
talking about in a larger group of people or things. If a defining relative clause is
removed, the meaning of the sentence changes significantly. A defining relative
clause is not separated from the rest of the sentence by commas or parentheses.
EXAMPLES
The woman who visited me in the hospital was very kind.
The umbrella that I bought last week is already broken.
The man who stole my backpack has been arrested.
The weather that we had this summer was beautiful.

11. RELATIVE CLAUSES (2)
We use relative clauses in English to create more complex
and more precise sentences.
 NON-DEFINING CLAUSES
A non-defining or non-essential clause gives us more information about the
person or thing we are talking about. If a non-defining relative clause is removed
from a sentence, we lose some detail, but the overall meaning of the sentence
remains the same. Non-defining relative clauses are always set off from the rest
of the sentence with commas or parentheses.
EXAMPLES
The farmer, whose name was Fred, sold us 10 pounds of potatoes.
Elephants, which are the largest land mammals, live in herds of 10 or more
adults.
The author, who graduated from the same university I did, gave a wonderful
presentation.
My mother, who is 86, lives in Paris.

12. PUNCTUATION (1)
Punctuation is not part of oral grammar, but it is essential to
master in written English.
 Punctuation is used to create sense, clarity and stress in sentences.
You use punctuation marks to structure and organise your writing.
• You can quickly see why punctuation is important if you try and read
this sentence which has no punctuation at all:
perhaps you dont always need to use commas periods colons etc to make
sentences clear when i am in a hurry tired cold lazy or angry i
sometimes leave out punctuation marks grammar is stupid i can write
without it and dont need it my uncle Harry once said he was not very
clever and i never understood a word he wrote to me i think ill learn
some punctuation not too much enough to write to Uncle Harry he needs
some help

13. PUNCTUATION (2)
Punctuation is not part of oral grammar, but it is essential to
master in written English.
• Now let's see if punctuating it makes a difference!
Perhaps you don't always need to use commas, periods, colons etc. to make sentences clear. When I am
in a hurry, tired, cold, lazy, or angry I sometimes leave out punctuation marks. "Grammar is stupid! I
can write without it and don't need it," my uncle Harry once said. He was not very clever, and I never
understood a word he wrote to me. I think I'll learn some punctuation - not too much, enough to write
to Uncle Harry. He needs some help!
 PUNCTUATION RULES IN ENGLISH
the period (or full stop in British English)
the comma
the exclamation mark
the question mark
the colon
the semicolon
the quotation mark
the apostrophe
the hyphen and the dash
parentheses and brackets