2. CHAPTER 9
STRONG AND WEAK SYLLABLES
Strong: stressed
peak:
long vowel, diphthongs, triphthongs
short vowel + coda (1 or more C)
3. Weak:
unstressed, lower intensity,
dif. quality
peak:
end of words: ə, i, u, ə +
coda, SC (l, m, n, ŋ, r)
inside words: ə, i, u, ɪ next
syllable begins with consonant
3
4. “Schwa” Vowel ə
The most occurring vowel in
English
Weak: occurs with weak syllables
Quality:
mid half way between close open
central half way betw front back
lax art. without much energy
5
6. weak form strong form
a ə æ
ar ə ɑ:
o ə ɒ - əʊ
or ə ɔ:
e ə e
er ə ɜ:
u ə ʌ
ough ə many
ou ə aʊ 6
7. Close front – Close back Vowels
Area of producing: near i:
i
i: u: ɪ
ɪ ʊ
near u:
u
ʊ
8. Distribution:
i
Word f p: “y”, “ey” after 1 or more C.
Morpheme f p: “y”, “ey” + suff beg
with V
Prefixes: re, pre, de, before unst
vowel.
Suffix: iate, ious 2 syllable words
he, she we, me, be (unstressed)
the preceding a vowel
u
you, to, into do
before another vowel within a word
9. Syllabic consonants
l, m, n, ŋ, r syllabic consonants
Why?
Stand as peak in weak syllables;
novel, pencil, action
How do you mark it?
By placing a (ˌ) under l, m, n, ŋ, r
novel nɒvl, pencil pensl,
action ækʃn
10. Syllabic l
Distribuition:
After another consonant (alveolar)
- w f p with 1 or more C + “le”
With alveolar C prec. little
With non-alveolar C. prec. Staple
- w f p, words spelt with 1 or
more C + “al” “el”`partial, panel
10
12. yllabic m, ŋ
Result from a process of
assimilation or elision.
Not so common
an be transcribed as ən too 12
13. CHAPTER 10
STRESS IN SIMPLE WORDS
trength used to pronounce a
syllable in a word
arked wit (ˈ)
PRODUCTION PERCEPTION
What
ways of seen it: characteristics
What speakers
do to pronounce make a sound to
strong syllables be heard as
strong
13
14. roduction: use of energy to
produce sound (muscles)
subglottal pressure higher
erception: stressed syllables are
prominent
ROMINENCE characteristic of
stressed syllables (factors)
14
15. Levels of stress
Stress is marked with (') high up
before the stressed syllable
(') primary stress (strong)
(ˌ) secondary stress (weak)
( ) unstressed (no prominence)
(∘) tertiary stress (very weak)
15
16. lacement of stress within the
word
1-syllable words
asically we take into account:
ind of word:simple or complex
16
17. nly used with strong syllables
wo-syllable words
erbs: 2nd s, stress 2nd; 2 w,
stress 1st; 2nd əʊ, 1st
ouns: 2nd s short v, stress 1st
18. Three- syllable words
verbs: f strong, s f
f w, s preceding if s
f w, preceding w, s 1st
Nouns: f əʊ, prec s, s 2nd
2nd and f w, s 1st
f s, 2nd weak, s 1st
Adjectives: same rule as nouns
18
19. CHAPTER 11
COMPLEX WORD STRESS
COMPLEX WORDS
COMPLEX: COMPOUND:
STEM + AFFIX TWO OR MORE
INDEPENDENTS
prefix suffix WORDS
Affixes can:
Receive primary stress
Do not receive it
Influence on the shift of stress 19
20. Suffixes: at the end of the word.
region + al = regional
stem + suffix
Productive suffixes: the most
common and used.
Some problems:
Some words seem to have a
suffix. regional canal
number of suffixes a word can
have interestingly
20
21. Suffixes carrying the stress
themselves
ee, er, ese, ette, esque
portuguese pɔ:tʃə'gi:z
Suffixes that do not affect st. plac
able, age, al, en, ful, ing, ish, like,
less, ly, ment, ness, ous, fy, wise,y
national 'næʃnl
Suffixes that influence stress in the
stem
eous, graphy, ial, ic, ion, ious, ty, ive
proverb proverbial prəˈvɜ:biəl
21
22. Prefixes before the stem
Do not work the same as suffixes
Do not carry primary stress
22
24. Exceptions:
Adj. first element and ed at the
end
bad-'tempered
First element is a number
three-wheeler
Comp. functioning as adverbs
North-east
Comp. functioning as verbs hand
have an adv. As first element
down-grade
24
25. Variable stress
Stress is shifted to another
position because:
The influence of other words
bad ˈtempered bad tempered ˈteacher
Speakers do not agree on stress
placement.
controversy 'kɒntəvɜsi kɒn'təvɜsi
25
26. Word class pairs
Identical words with different
grammatical function.
adj, noun, verb
Consist of a preffix + stem
Are different because of stress
'æbstrækt (adj) æb'strækt (v)
'ekspɔ:t (n ) eks'pɔ:t (v)
26
27. CHAPTER 12
WEAK FORMS
Strong and weak forms: same
words pronounced in strong and
weak form in certain contexts.
that ðæt ð ət
function words:
auxiliaries, prepositions,
conjunctions, pronouns, etc.
27
28. Weak forms are pronounced as
strong in the following cases:
of at the end of a sentence
For contrasting information:
Give it to him not to her
Coordinate use of prepositions
The letter said from New York
not to New York
For emphasis
You have to do that
28
29. There are many forms pronounced
only weak in ceratin contexts.
the, a an, and, that, his, her,
your, she, he, we, you, him, at,
him, her, them, us, for, from, of,
to, as, some, there, can, have,
has, had, shall, should, must, do,
does, am, are, was
Recomedation: practice a lot.
29
30. CHAPTER 14
ASPECTS OF CONNECTED
SPEECH
Our speech is accompanied of
some aspects. These aspects are:
Rhythm
Assimilation
Elision
Linking
30
31. Rhythm
Involves noticeable event happening
at regular intervals of time.
English is stress-timed rhythm.-
The times from one stressed syllable
to the next will tend to be the same
irrespectibly of the number of
intervening unstressed syllables.
syllable-timed rhythm: syllables (s
or un)tend to occur at regular time-
intervals, times shorter or longer
depending on the number of
ustressed syllables
31
32. Unit of rhythm: foot
Rhythm can vary
minimal value arhythmically
maximum value very rhytmically
32
33. Assimilation
Process by which a phoneme is
realized in differently because of
the influence of a neighbouring
sound.
F C becomes like I C regressive
that person ðæt pɜ:sn ðæp pɜ:sn
I C becomes like F C progressive
Assimilation of voice
33
34. Differences in place of artic.
Alveolar sounds become bilabial
or dental plosives (regressive)
Differences in manner of artic.
Final plosive becomes fricative or
nasal (regressive)
Differences in voicing devoicing
of voiced consonats (regressive)
34
35. Elision
Sounds dissapear under certain
circumstances, a phoneme may
be realized zero or not
realized.
acts æks scripts skrɪps
looked back lʊk bæk
35
36. INTONATION
Closely related to pitch, helps to
convey messages or show
different states.
Pitch is produced by the vibration
of the vocal cords.
36