3. DIGITAL LIBRARIES (DL)
TRADITIONAL Goal of DL:
offer access to large amounts of
content in form of digital
documents
(books, journals)
Question:
DL have to make their information
sources available to a wider
audience
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4. DIGITAL LIBRARIES (DL)
TRADITIONAL PROBLEM:
HOW TO ALLOW AN EASY ACCESS TO THE
USER INFORMATION NEEDS?
SOLUTION:
APPLICATION OF WEB TECHNOLOGIES
(Processing, dissemination, storage, search
and analysis of all types of digital
informaton)
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6. WEB TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED IN DL
Three kinds of web technologies:
• APPLYING TECHNOLOGIES WEB 1.0:
DIGITAL LIBRARY 1.0 (THE PAST)
• APPLYING TECHNOLOGIES WEB 2.0:
DIGITAL LIBRARY 2.0 (THE PRESENT)
• APPLYING TECHNOLOGIES FROM THE WEB 3.0:
DIGITAL LIBRARY 3.0 (THE FUTURE)
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8. BASIC CONCEPTS IN WEB 1.0 and DL 1.0
• The web as a portal of information
• Focused on information of the sites
exclusively
• Based on owning content
• Drawbacks:
• Interaction
• Scalability
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10. BASIC CONCEPTS IN WEB 2.0
From the O’Reilly piece:
“A core concept of Web 2.0 is that people
are the content of sites. That is, a site is
not populated with information for users to
consume. Instead, services are provided to
individual users for them to build networks
of friends and other groups (professional,
recreational, etc.). The content of a site
then, comprises user-provided
information that attracts new members
of an ever-expanding network.”
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11. BASIC CONCEPTS IN WEB 2.0
• The web as a platform of services
• Focused on user communities (create and validate
content)
• Based on sharing content
• Emphasis on ease of use
• Based on Interactivity
• Drawbacks:
• Personalization
• True portability
• Interoperatibility
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12. 2.0-style Service Examples
Blogging Wikis
User tagging Skypecasts
Folksonomies Community citation
services
User comments
Community photo
User ratings services
RSS feeds Community book
services
Feed aggregators
IDEA: TO APPLY THESE TOOLS in DLs
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13. Digital Library 2.0: Properties
The library is everywhere
The library has no barriers
The library invites participation
The library uses flexible, best-of-breed,
component-based systems
The library is a human-centered organization
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14. Digital Library 1.0 versus Digital Library 2.0
Digital Library 1.0 is a pull model
• Acquire / store / lend / find
Digital Library 2.0 is a push model
• Acquire / store / broadcast / converse
PROBLEMS OF DL 2.0:
• PERSONALIZATION
• INTEROPERATIBILITY
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17. What is the Semantic Web?
• An extension of the current Web in which
information is given well-defined meaning,
better enabling computers and people to
work in cooperation. [Tim Berners-Lee]
• Semantic Web is able to describe things in
a way that computers can understand
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18. Tools of Semantic Web:
• RDF (Resource Description Framework): A
fundamental data format for describing
information and resources. Putting information
into RDF files makes it possible for “scutters” or
RDF crawlers to search, discover, pick up,
collect, analyse and process information from
the Web
• Ontology languages for modeling de data
source’s semantics: RDF Schema, OWL, ect.
• IDEA: TO APPLY THESE TOOLS in DLs
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19. Semantic Web Technologies for DLs:
Metadata is the key concept
the Web does not have metadata
• the idea of a Semantic Web is nice but difficult to implement
DLs do have metadata in place:
• We must make them available in a machine understandable format
• Semantic Web provides the format: RDF
DLs already have controlled vocabularies, taxonomies
or even ontologies in place:
• We have to model this knowledge in a machine understandable way
• Semantic Web provides ontology languages: RDF Schema or OWL
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20. DL 3.0 based on Semantic Web= SEMANTIC DL
• integrate information based on different metadata, e.g.:
resources, user profiles, bookmarks, taxonomies – high
quality semantics = highly and meaningfully connected
information
• provide interoperability with other systems (not only digital
libraries) on either metadata or communication level or both
– RDF as common denominator between digital libraries and
other services
• delivering more robust, user friendly and adaptable search
and browsing interfaces empowered by semantics
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21. Semantic DL: Evolving Knowledge Space
In state-of-the-art digital libraries users are consumers
• Retrieve contents based on available bibliographic records (DL 1.0)
Recent trends: user communities (DL 2.0)
• Connetea
• Flickr
In Semantic DL users are consumers/contributers/advisors
• Tagging (Web 2.0)
• Social Semantic Collaborative Filtering
• Annotations
Semantic DL enforce the transition from a static information to a
dynamic (collaborative) knowledge space
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22. Semantic DLs: BENEFITS
The two main benefits of Semantic DL:
new search paradigms for the information
space
• Ontology-based search / facet search
• Community-enabled browsing
providing interoperability on the data level
• integrating metadata from various heterogeneous
sources
• Interconnecting different digital library systems
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23. Semantic Digital Libraries: Examples
JeromeDL
• a social semantic digital library makes use of Semantic Web and
Social Networking technologies to enhance both interoperability and
usability
BRICKS
• aims at establishing the organizational and technological foundations
for a digital library network in order to share knowledge and
resources in the cultural heritage domain.
FEDORA
• delivers flexible service-oriented architecture to managing and
delivering content in the form of digital objects
SIMILE
• extends and laverages DSpace, seeking to enhance interoperability
among digital assets, schemata, metadata, and services
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25. From Semantic DL to Social Semantic DL
Challenge: To get SOCIAL SEMANTIC DL
• It´s the following step towards DL 3.0
• Advantages:
Collaborative search and browsing (interface)
Users contribute to the classification process
Users can understand community driven annotations
Users enhance digital content using blogs, wikis on the side
• Drawbacks:
Not everyone is convinced
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