2. TYPES OF CATARACT SURGERY
• Intra Capsular Cataract Extraction (ICCE)
• Extra Capsular Cataract Extraction (ECCE)
• Small Incision Cataract Surgery (SCIS)
• Phacoemulsification
ECCE
ICCE
7. DETAILS OF EACH TECHNIQUE
• ICCE
• ECCE
• SICS
• PHACO
• PHACONIT
• FEMTO LASER CATARACT EXTRACTION
8. Intra capsular cataract extraction (ICCE)
ICCE
ICCE evolved into a very successful operation
Preferred surgical technique before the refinement of modern ECCE surgery
However there remained 5% rate of potentially blinding complications including:
Infection
Hemorrhage
RD
CME
9. ECCE has replaced ICCE, almost entirely in most parts of the world:
1. Better operating microscopes
2. More sophisticated surgical aspiration systems
3. More sophisticated IOL implants
Intra capsular cataract extraction (ICCE)
10. Techniques (ICCE)
Smith’s method
Arruga’s method
Erysiphakes
Cryo surgery
Chemical dissolution of zonular fibers
11. Smith’s technique
Smith used external pressure with muscle hook to mechanically break the inferior
zonules
Expelled the lens through the limbal incision
The lens would “Tumble”, I.e. the inferior pole would exit the eye before the
superior pole
12. Arruga’s method
Toothless forceps (Arruga’s) used to grasp the lens capsule and
then gently pulled from the eye using side-to-side motion that
broke the zonules
14. Cryo surgery
Cryprobe: Hollow metal-tipped probe, cooled by liquid nitrogen, that is touched
to the lens surface
As the temperature of the probe tip falls below freezing, an ice ball forms and the
lens adheres to it
This instrument forms an ice ball, fusing the lens capsule, cortex, and nucleus
Lessening the risk of capsular rupture as the cataract is removed
15. Extra capsular cataract extraction (ECCE)
Shift from ICCE to modern ECCE
To decrease the rate of potentially blinding:
Complications
To facilitate the placement of PC IOLs
By leaving the PC intact, the surgeon could decrease the risk of:
Vitreous loss and
Complications like RD, CME, and Bullous Keratopathy
16. Extra capsular cataract extraction (ECCE)
Key to the development of modern ECCE technique were the
growing use of:
Operating microscopes for increased magnification &
Improved methods of cortical removal
17. Extra capsular cataract extraction (ECCE)
Charles Kelman in 1967 developed phacoemulsification
This new type of ECCE:
Ultrasonically emulsified the lens nucleus,
Allowing the operation to be performed through a small incision
This method has continued to grow in popularity as:
Techniques &
Instrumentation
18. Indications of ICCE
Operating microscopes not available
Unstable / luxated cataracts
Week zonular support
19. Advantages of ICCE
Cryoprobes
Capsular forceps
Erysiphakes
Allow this procedure
To be performed
Under most conditions
• Entire lens removed with no capsule left behind to:
• Opacify or
• Require additional surgery
• Less sophisticated instrumentation required
• Non automated extraction devices:
20. Disadvantages of ICCE
Delayed healing
Iris incarceration
Delayed visual rehabilitation
Vitreous incarceration
• Large ICCE incision 12 – 14 mm (160 - 180)
• Postoperative wound leaks with inadvertent filteration
• Endothelial cell loss > following ICCE than ECCE
• Corneal / endothelial cell trauma from lifting / folding
of the cornea (lens delivery / cryprobe)
• Cystoid macular edema (transient 50%, persistent 2%
- 4%)
21. Vitreous complications:
In young patients PC is firmly adherent to anterior
hyaloid; attempted ICCE will usually result in vitreous loss
Intact vitreous face may opacify and vision
Adherence to corneal endothelium (corneal edema)
Adherence to iris (pupillary block glaucoma)
Broken vitreous face may incarcerate in the wound with vitreous traction
causing:
RD
CME
Vitreous in AC causing open angle glaucoma
Disadvantages of ICCE (cont’d)
22. IOL implantation problematic since posterior capsular support missing
IOL choices include:
ACL /Sutured PC IOL (Iris fixation IOLs no longer available)
These significant disadvantages and risks led to loss of popularity of ICCE
Disadvantages of ICCE (cont’d)
23. Patient preparation
Pharmacologic pupillary dilation with topical mydriatic and cycloplegic
agents to facilitate lens removal (iris retractors intraoperatively)
Anaesthesia
24. Patient preparation
Orbital massage / osmotic agents (manitol, glycerine, isosorbide) before surgery
1. Intermittent digital pressure on closed eye lids or
2. Occulopressive device (honann baloon, mercury bag, sponge ball, strap)
3. Massage helps to:
Distribute the anaesthetic agent within orbit
Orbital volume
Pressure on the globe
IOP
(cont’d)
25. Patient preparation
Orbital massage (cont’d)
4. Minimizes vitreous prolapse during cataract extraction and facilitates an angle supported IOL
5. Osmotic agents are used less frequently:
Volume load in patients with heart and kidney failure
Nausea (Occasional)
Urinary urgency during surgery
(cont’d)
26. Procedure
Postoperative course
VA should be consistent with:
1. Refractive state of the eye
2. Clarity of the cornea
3. Clarity of the media
4. Visual potential of the retina and optic nerve
Patient preparation (cont’d)
27. ECCE
ECCE involves removal of the nucleus and cortex through an opening in the
anterior capsule (anterior capsulotomy), leaving the posterior capsule in
place.
Patient preparation (cont’d)
29. ECCE (cont’d)
Methods
Preferred method of routine cataract surgery
Selection of technique for nucleus removal depends upon:
Instrumentation available
Surgeon’s level of experience with each technique
Patient preparation (cont’d)
30. Advantages of ECCE surgery
Smaller incision
Less traumatic to corneal endothelium
Eliminates complications (short and long term) associated with
vitreous adherent to:
Incision wound
Iris
Cornea
(cont’d)
31. Advantages of ECCE surgery
Intact posterior capsule allows better anatomical position for IOL fixation
Intact posterior capsule incidence of:
CME
RD
Corneal edema
(cont’d)
32. Advantages of ECCE surgery
Intact posterior capsule ability of bacteria, introduced into eye, to gain access to vitreous cavity and
cause endophthalmitis
2ndry IOL implantation
Filtration surgery
Corneal Transplantation
Wound rapair
Technically easier and safer when
intact PC is present
(cont’d)
33. Contraindications (ECCE)
Zonular weakness
ECCE requires zonular integrity for selective removal of nucleus and cortical material
Therefore when zonular support appears insufficient to allow safe removal of the
cataract through ECCE surgery, ICCE or Pars Plana Lensectomy should be considered
34. Instrumentation (ECCE)
A wide range of instruments is available for each step of ECCE:
Opening the anterior capsule
Dissecting and removing the nucleus
Removing the lens cortex
Polishing PC
35. Cystotome
Used for anterior capsulotomy (opening in the anterior of the lens)
Fashioned from 25 gauge needles by bending at its hub and beveled tip
Prefabricated cystotomes also commercially available
The needle tip is used to puncture and tear the anterior capsule
36. Irrigation and aspiration system coaxial, double-lumen
blunt cannulas
One lumen irrigates BSS into the AC
Second lumen aspirates lens material out of the AC
Irrigation is gravity fed from a solution bottle
Fluid flow is regulated with adjustment of bottle height
The flow may be constant, or the surgeon can employ a foot control connected to
a pinch valve
37. Irrigation and aspiration system coaxial, double-lumen blunt
cannulas (cont’d)
Aspiration:
Syringe connected to the cannula
Elaborate pump system controlled by a foot switch
38. Lens nucleus
Removed by a variety of techniques, each
with its own set of instruments:
Lens expressor
Lens loop
Spoon, Vectis
39. Procedure ECCE
Pupillary dilation
Critical to the success of ECCE esp. phacoemulsification
Cycloplegic / mydriatic drops
NSAID (topical/oral) these agents help to maintain dialation during surgery
40. Procedure ECCE
Incision
Incision: Mid limbal, chord length 8 – 12 mm, which is smaller than for ICCE
The initial incision consists of a limbal groove
Some surgeons prefer more posterior incision with anterior dissection creating a flap of tunnel
A stab incision is made into AC
AC depth stabilized by viscoelastic agents, air bubble, or continuous fluid irrigation
Cystotome is inserted for anterior capsulotomy
(cont’d)
42. Procedure ECCE
Capsulotomy (cont’d)
Christmas tree
With cystotome anterior capsule punctured inferiorly and
The flap of the capsule drawn toward the wound and cut with scissors
(cont’d)
44. Procedure ECCE
Capsulorrhexis
Continuous tear anterior capsulotomy popular in phacoemulsification, can be performed with either:
Csytotome or
Capsulorrhexis forceps
First a small tear is created,
The edge this tear is then grasped with cytotome tip/forceps, and
A smooth tear is created, removing a circular portion of anterior capsule
(cont’d)
45.
46. Procedure ECCE
Capsulorrhexis (cont’d)
This technique provides:
Structural integrity for the lens capsule
Maintain implant stability
Centeration
(cont’d)
49. Posterior capsular polishing
Abrasive tipped irrigation cannula / low vacuum clean using low
aspiration remove epithelial and cortical particles from the capsular
surface
50. IOL implantation
AC filled with viscoelastic / BBS / air
Viscoelastic most reliable AC maintainer
It also protects corneal endothelial
IOL inserted in the ciliary sulcus / capsular bag
Sulcus fixation:
Requires greater IOL diameter (>12.5 mm)
Large diameter optic (6 mm)
More forgiving in case of postoperative decentration
Bag fixation:
IOL diameter <12.5 mm
Optic diameter 5.00 mm
52. Postoperative course ECCE
As with ICCE, VA on the first postoperative day should be consistent
with:
Refractive state of the eye
Clarity of the cornea
Clarity of the media
Visual potential of the retina and optic nerve
53. Postoperative course ECCE
Lid: Mild eye lid edema and erythema may occur
Conjunctiva: May be injected and boggy
Cornea: Should be clear and free of striate / edema
AC: Should be of normal depth and mild cellular
reaction typical
54. Postoperative course ECCE (cont’d)
Posterior capsule: Should be clear and intact
Implant: Should be well positioned and stable
Red reflex: Should be strong and clear
IOP: Elevations may be associated with retained
viscoelastic
55. Postoperative course ECCE
Antibiotics and Corticosteroids:
Topical antibiotic and corticosteroids are used for first few weeks
Vision:
Steady improvement in vision and comfort, as inflammation subsides
56. Postoperative course ECCE (Cont’d)
Refraction:
Refraction stable by 6th – 8th weeks,
Glasses may then be prescribed
Astigmatism:
If significant astigmatism along the axis of incision, selective sutures removed by 6th week, according to
keratometry corneal topography
57. Phacoemulsification
Phacoemulsification is an ECCE technique that differs from “standard ECCE
with nuclear expression” by the:
1. Size of incision required
2. Method of nucleus removal
This technique uses ultrasonically driven needle (phaco tip) to fragment the
nucleus and aspirate the lens substance through a needle port
58. Phacoemulsification (cont’d)
Advantages
Lower incidence of wound related complications
Faster healing
Rapid visual rehabilitation
AC depth controlled during surgery and providing safeguards against positive vitreous pressure and
choroidal haemorrhage (closed system)
60. Phacoemulsification (cont’d)
Ultrasound
The phacoemulsification hand piece contains a piezoelectic crystal that vibrates at frequency
of 24000 – 56000 Hz
The vibration is transmitted to the head which is attached to the phaco tip
61. Phacoemulsification(cont’d)
Aspiration
The aspiration system of phacoemulsification machine varies according to the pump design:
1. Peristaltic Pump
2. Diaphragm Pump
3. Venture Pump
62. Phacoemulsification(cont’d)
Aspiration (cont’d)
Peristaltic Pump
Consists of set of rollers that move along a flexible tubing, forcing fluid through the tubing
and creating a relative vacuum at the aspiration port of phacoemulsification needle
65. Phacoemulsification
Irrigation
Fluid dynamics of phacoemulsification requires constant
irrigation through the irrigation sleeve around the
ultrasound tip
Constant irrigation:
Maintains AC depth
Cools the phacoemulsification probe
Prevents heat buildup and adjacent tissue damage