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安捷倫科技
LTE長期演進技術論壇
Volume 2

Agenda

• LTE Context and Timeline
• LTE Major Features
• LTE Transmission Schemes
• LTE vs. HSPA+ and WiMAX
• Multiple Antenna Techniques
• System Architecture Evolution
• Standards Documents
• Overview of Physical Layer Frame Structure
• Solutions Overview

Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Page 51

LTE Physical Layer Overview
(…now on to the Really Cool Stuff!)

• LTE air interface consists of two main components – Signals
and Channels
• Physical Signals
• Generated in Layer 1
– Used for System Synchronization, Cell Identification and Radio
Channel Estimation
• Physical Channels
• These Carry Data from higher layers including Control, Scheduling
and User Payload
• The following is a simplified high-level description of the
essential Signals and Channels…

9 Oct 2007
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26

Physical Signal Definitions
DL Signals Full name Purpose
P-SS Primary Synchronization Signal Used for cell search and identification by
the UE. Carries part of the cell ID
S-SS Secondary Synchronization Signal Used for cell search and identification by
the UE. Carries the remainder of the cell
ID
RS Reference Signal (Pilot) Used for DL channel estimation and
channel equalization. Exact sequence
derived from cell ID,
UL Signals Full name Purpose

LTE
DM-RS (Demodulation) Reference Signal Used for synchronization to the UE and
UL channel estimation
Only used with active Transport Channel
SRS Sounding Reference Signal Used for channel estimation when there
is no transport channel (i.e., No active
PUSCH or PUCCH)
Used for CQI measurement.

9 Oct 2007
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Page 53

Physical Channel Definitions

DL Channels Full name Purpose
PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel Carries cell-specific information
PMCH Physical Multicast Channel Carries the MCH transport channel
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel Scheduling, ACK/NACK
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel Payload
PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Defines number of PDCCH OFDMA
Channel symbols per sub-frame (1, 2 or 3)
PHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ indicator channel Carries HARQ ACK/NACK
UL Channels Full name Purpose
PRACH Physical Random Access Channel Call setup
PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel Scheduling, ACK/NACK
PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel Payload

Note: Absence of Dedicated Channels, which is a characteristic of Packet-Only Systems

9 Oct 2007
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27

Signal Modulation and Mapping
Normal CP is assumed

DL Signals Modulation Sequence Physical Mapping Power*1
Primary 62/72 subcarriers centred
One of 3 Zadoff-Chu
Synchronization around DC at OFDMA [+0.65 dB] *2
sequences
Signal (P-SS) symbol #6 of slots #0, #10
Secondary
Two 31-bit M-sequences 62/72 subcarriers centred
Synchronization
(binary) – one of 168 Cell IDs around DC at OFDMA [+0.65 dB] *2
Signal
plus other info symbol #5 of slots #0, #10
(S-SS)
PS Gold sequence defined by Every 6th subcarrier of
Reference
Cell ID (P-SS & S-SS) OFDMA symbols #0 & #4 [+2.5 dB]
Signal (RS)
1 of 3x168 = 504 seq. of every slot
UL Signals Modulation Sequence Physical Mapping Power
Demodulation uth root Zadoff-Chu or
SC-FDMA symbol #3 of
Reference QPSK (<3 RB) [0 dB]
every slot
Signal (DM-RS)
Additional signals (UL) - Sounding Reference Signal (Z-C)
*1: 3GPP has not define power level yet. This information shows the current scale factor in the 89600 VSA and N7624B Signal Studio.
*2: Synchronization signal: 72 sub-carriers are reserved, but only 62 sub-carrier are used. [–0.65 dB = 10 x log10(62/72)]

9 Oct 2007
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Page 55

DM-RS Signal Modulation (UE)

• The unity circle produced by the DM-RS may look random but is the result
of phase modulating each successive subcarrier to create a Constant
Amplitude Zero Auto-Correlation (CAZAC) Sequence
• There are 30 different sequences defined providing orthogonality between
users (similar to Walsh Codes in CDMA)
• The sequence follows a Zadoff-Chu progression
qm ( m 1)
j RS
N ZC RS
xq m e , 0 m N ZC 1
RS
where N ZC is the first prime number less than the required number of
subcarriers, and m is the subcarrier number of the qth sequence
• For allocations less than 3 Resource Blocks (36 subcarriers) it is not
possible to use a Zadoff-Chu sequence so the RS are modulated with a
simpler computer-generated QPSK sequence of length 12 or 24

9 Oct 2007
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28

Channel Modulation and Mapping Normal CP is assumed

DL Channels Modulation Scheme Physical Mapping
72 subcarriers centred around DC
Physical Broadcast Channel
QPSK at OFDMA symbol #0 to #3 of
(PBCH)
Slot #1. Excludes RS subcarriers.
OFDMA symbol #0, #1 & #2 of
Physical Downlink Control the Slot #0 of the subframe NOT
QPSK
Channel (PDCCH) used by PCFICH or PHICH
Excludes RS subcarriers
Physical Downlink Shared
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM Any assigned RB
Channel (PDSCH)

LTE
Physical Control Format 16 Resource Elements
QPSK
Indicator Channel (PCFICH) Symbol #0 of Slot #0
Symbol #0 of Slot #0 (normal
Physical Hybrid-ARQ BPSK on I and Q duration)
Indicator Channel (PHICH) w/SF 2 or 4 Walsh Code Symbols #0, 1, and 2 of Slot #0
(extended duration)
Physical Multicast Channel
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM Variable Resource Mapping
(PMCH)
9 Oct 2007
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Page 57

Channel Modulation and Mapping (cont.)

UL Channels Modulation Scheme Physical Mapping

FDD = 64 Preambles, 4 Formats
Physical Random Access
uth root Zadoff-Chu TDD = 552 Preambles, 1 Format
Channel (PRACH)
Occupies 6 RB’s (1.08MHz)

Physical Uplink Control Any assigned RB but NOT
BPSK & QPSK
Channel (PUCCH) simultaneous with PUSCH

Any assigned RB but NOT
Physical Uplink Shared simultaneous with PUCCH
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Channel (PUSCH) Can be hopped

9 Oct 2007
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29

Slot Structure and Physical Resource Element
Downlink – OFDMA
One downlink slot, Tslot •A Resource Block (RB) is basic
scheduling unit.

DL
• A RB contains:
N symb OFDM symbols
• 7 symbols (1 slot) X 12
subcarriers for normal cyclic prefix
Resource block or;
: DL
N symbx N sc
RB

• 6 symbols (1 slot) X 12
subcarriers for extended cyclic
Resource prefix
element
(k, l)
DL RB
N RB x Nsc subcarriers •Minimum allocation is 1 ms (2 slots)
RB
and 180 kHz (12 subcarriers).
N sc subcarriers
RB
N sc
Condition DL
N RB DL
N symb

Normal
f=15kHz 12 7
cyclic prefix
:

Extended f=15kHz 12 6
cyclic prefix f=7.5kHz 24 3
l=0 l= N symb – 1
DL

9 Oct 2007
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Page 59

Slot Structure and Physical Resource Element
Uplink – SC-FDMA
One uplink slot, Tslot

UL
N symb SC-FDMA symbols
Resource Block =
Resource block 0.5 ms x 180 kHz
:
N symb x N sc
UL RB

Resource element
UL RB
N RB x Nsc subcarriers (k, l)

RB
N sc subcarriers

Condition NRBsc NULsymb
Normal
: 12 7
cyclic prefix
Extended
12 6
cyclic prefix
l=0 l=NULsymb – 1
9 Oct 2007
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30

Physical Layer Definitions
Frame Structure
Frame Structure type 1 (FDD) FDD: Uplink and downlink are transmitted separately

One radio frame = 10 ms
One slot = 0.5 ms

#0 #1 #2 #3 ………. #18 #19
One subframe = 1ms

Subframe 0 Subframe 1 Subframe 9
•5ms switch-point periodicity: Subframe 0, 5 and DwPTS for downlink,
Frame Structure type 2 (TDD) Subframe 2, 5 and UpPTS for Uplink
•10ms switch-point periodicity: Subframe 0, 5,7-9 and DwPTS for downlink,

LTE
One radio frame, Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10 ms Subframe 2 and UpPTS for Uplink
One half-frame, 153600 x Ts = 5 ms

One subframe, 30720 x Ts = 1 ms
For 5ms switch-point periodicity

#0 #2 #3 #4 #5 #7 #8 #9

DwPTS, T(variable) UpPTS, (variable) For 10ms switch-point periodicity
One slot,
Guard period, T(variable) Tslot =15360 x Ts = 0.5 ms

9 Oct 2007
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Page 61

Downlink Frame Structure Type 1
DL
N symb OFDM symbols (= 7 OFDM symbols @ Normal CP)
160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 (x Ts)

CP 0 CP 1 CP 2 CP 3 CP 4 CP 5 CP 6 1 slot
etc. = 15360 Ts
The Cyclic Prefix is created by prepending each = 0.5 ms
symbol with a copy of the end of the symbol
Ts = 1/(15000 x 2048) = 32.552ns

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 P-SS - Primary Synch Signal [Sym 6 | Slots 0,10 | 62/72]
S-SS - Secondary Synch Signal [Sym 5 | Slots 0,10 | 62/72]
1 Sub-Frame PBCH - Physical Broadcast Channel [Syms 0-3 | Slot 1 | 72/72]
= 2 slots PDCCH -Physical DL Control Channel [Syms 0-2 | Every Subframe]
= 1 ms
PDSCH - Physical DL Shared Channel [Available Slots]
Reference Signal – (Pilot) [Sym 0,4 | Every Slot]

#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14 #15 #16 #17 #18 #19

1 frame
= 10 sub-frames
= 10 ms
Note 1: Position of RS varies w/Antenna Port number and CP Length
Note 2: PMCH, PCFICH, and PHICH not shown here for clarity
Page 62
9 Oct 2007
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31

Downlink Physical Mapping

9 Oct 2007
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Page 63

Uplink Frame Structure Type 1
PUSCH Mapping
DL
N symb OFDM symbols (= 7 OFDM symbols @ Normal CP)
160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 (x Ts)

CP 0 CP 1 CP 2 CP 3 CP 4 CP 5 CP 6 1 slot
etc. = 15360 Ts
The Cyclic Prefix is created by prepending each = 0.5 ms
symbol with a copy of the end of the symbol
Ts = 1/(15000 x 2048) = 32.6 ns
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 sub-frame PUSCH - Physical Uplink Shared Channel
= 2 slots Reference Signal – (Demodulation) [Sym 3 | Every Slot]
= 1 ms

#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14 #15 #16 #17 #18 #19

1 frame
= 10 sub-frames
= 10 ms
9 Oct 2007
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32

Uplink Frame Structure Type 1 (FDD)
PUCCH Mapping (Formats 1, 1a, 1b )

[Syms 0,1,5,6 | Every Slot]

LTE
1 [Syms 2-4 | Every Slot]

9 Oct 2007
Page 65
Page 65

Frame Structure Type 1 (UL)
- Physical Mapping

OOK, BPSK
Rotated
QPSK

Unlike DL, UL DM-RS
Is confined only to User

Note 1: When no PUCCH or PUSCH is scheduled in the uplink, the eNB can request transmission of the
Sounding Reference Signal (SRS), which allows the eNB to estimate the uplink channel characteristics
Note 2: PRACH and SRS not shown for clarity
9 Oct 2007
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33

Agenda

• LTE Context and Timeline
• LTE Major Features
• LTE Transmission Schemes
• LTE vs. HSPA+ and WiMAX
• Multiple Antenna Techniques
• System Architecture Evolution
• Standards Documents
• Overview of Physical Layer Frame Structure
• Solutions Overview

9 Oct 2007
Page 67
Page 67

LTE Design Flow Solutions

RF Proto RF Chip Dev RFIC Digital
Design
Interface
Design Validation
Simulation System Level Testing
FPGA ASIC Development BB RF & Protocol
BB L1/PHY BB L1/PHY ASIC
Design
Protocol Development Integration
L2/L3 MAC/RLC Pre-
Conformance

Conformance

9 Oct 2007
Page 68
Page 68

34

LTE Agilent Solutions in the Design Lifecycle
Signal Studio LTE VSA SW

Spectrum
Battery Drain
Analyzers Logic Analyzers Characterization
EDA
Signal Generators & Scopes

RF Proto RF Chip Dev RFIC Digital Design
Interface
Design Validation
Simulation FPGA ASIC Development
System Level Testing
BB RF & Protocol
BB L1/PHY BB L1/PHY ASIC
Design

LTE
Protocol Development Integration
L2/L3 Pre-
Conformance

Conformance
DC Power
Anite Protocol
E6620A Test Set Analyzer Systems for RF and Protocol Conformance
Development System
9 Oct 2007
Page 69
Page 69

Advanced Design System
3GPP LTE Wireless Library
For system and circuit design & verification
• Downlink OFDMA and uplink SC-FDMA
sources and receivers
• Pre-configured examples with EVM and
BER measurements
• Connectivity with Agilent test equipment
Combine simulation with sources and analyzers for
powerful R&D prototype hardware testing..
Download Signal generator

RF or
Mixed-
Signal DUT

Logic Analyser
Analyze

Spectrum Analyser
http://eesof.tm.agilent.com/products/ads_main.html

9 Oct 2007
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35

Signal creation software
N7624B Signal Studio for LTE
User-friendly, parameterized and reconfigurable 3GPP LTE signal
generation software for Agilent ESG-C or MXG RF Signal Generators.
• PHY Layer partially coded signals for component test
• Transport Layer fully coded signals for Rx Test
• Downlink MIMO pre-coding up to 4x4 (Spatial Multiplexing/Tx
Diversity)
• Multiple UE setup for UL Download your free demo copy at:
• Fixed-tap Fading www.agilent.com/find/signalstudio

MXG

ESG-C
9 Oct 2007
Page 71
Page 71

Wireless Physical Layer Validation
Signal Creation Software

N4860A
Stimulus Probe
Tx RF-IC Signal Generator
Rx
Spectrum Analyser

N4850A
Logic Analyzer Acquisition Probe Vector Signal Analysis

9 Oct 2007
Page 72
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36

LTE Signal Analysis Using Agilent 89601A Vector
Signal Analyzer software
• Works with multiple signal
acquisition front ends including logic
analyzers, scopes, simulation tools
and spectrum analyzers EVM
equalizer amplitude and phase
response
• Waterfall displays
• Gate (by time and channel type)

LTE
• Customizable GUI with up to 6
simultaneous colour coded traces
• Analysis in multiple domains - slot,
subcarrier, resource block and Download your free
symbol 89601A demo copy at:
• Full coupled marker functionality www.agilent.com/find/89600

9 Oct 2007
Page 73
Page 73

Agilent and Anite in partnership
- accelerating LTE test solutions

Combining strengths to bring a full- NEW!
range of LTE solutions to market
faster
• Anite Protocol development
system built on Agilent E6620A
hardware platform
• Agilent E6620A wireless
communications test set with a Anite SAT LTE Protocol Tester
3GPP Release 8 LTE protocol with Development Toolset
stack built on the Agilent E6620A

First to market toolset for UE protocol development

9 Oct 2007
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37

E6620A Integrated Mobile Test Platform
Scripted testcases
Scalable single box base station emulator
• 2G/3G/3.9G (LTE) capable
Protocol Processor
• LTE L1-L2 signaling stack + scripting API
• 20MHz BW
PDCP A
• Data rates up to 100 Mbps DL / 50 Mbps UL
• 2x2 MIMO
RLC • Support for two independent cells

MAC P • Built-in Fading
• RF Parametric Measurements
DSP Engine I
digital I/O L1 PHY
RF I/O
SISO RF I/O
UP/DOWN CONV.
MIMO RF I/O* 20MHz B/W RF
(2x2 DL)

*Optional 2nd Source/Receiver for 2x2 MIMO Introduction: Mid-2008
9 Oct 2007
Page 75
Page 75

Agilent's position in LTE

• Providing the broadest range of solutions for LTE design and test -
from simulation to RF and digital design to protocol development to
network deployment.
• Representation on 3GPP standards committees
• Providing "connected solutions" – systems that combine
simulation with real-world signal generation and analysis to permit
early module test
• Is the only company that provides all the cross-domain test
capability for new-generation radio products which feature direct
"digital to RF" architectures (eg. CPRI and OBSAI base stations and
DigRF and MIPI D-PHY handsets)
• First-to-market Protocol test solution in partnership with Anite
• Providing a common scalable platform across protocol and RF
solutions for development, functional, and conformance test

9 Oct 2007
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38

Learn more at
www.agilent.com/find/lte
LTE Poster (5989-7646EN)

LTE
Brochure (5989-7817EN)

Webcasts on LTE
• LTE Concepts
• LTE Uplink
• LTE Design and Simulation
Application Note coming

9 Oct 2007
Page 77
Page 77

Questions?

Thank you for your attention!

9 Oct 2007
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39

LTE Uplink and Downlink Signal Generation

Agilent has built a solid reputation in the Agilent ESG signal generator. Additionally
mobile communications industry with the Signal Studio software can be used with
combination of our signal generators and the Agilent PXB MIMO receiver tester for
Signal Studio signal creation software. applications that require MIMO fading,
The versatile and comprehensive software creation of interfering stimulus, digital
is available for the development and I/Q inputs and outputs, real-time signal
manufacturing of existing and evoling creation or closed loop testing of advanced
2G, 3G, 3.5G and 4G communication LTE capabilities like HARQ. Highlights of
systems. You can quickly and easily create LTE Signal Studio Software include:
performance-optimized LTE reference
signals for component-level parametric • Create FDD and TDD frame structures
test, baseband subsystem verification, (type 1/type 2)
receiver performance verification and • Physical layer coded signals for
advanced functional evaluation. component test
• Transport channel coded signals for
Speed Signal Simulation with Signal receiver test
Studio LTE Applications
• Create all LTE bandwidths: 1.4 MHz to
20 MHz
Signal Studio applications for 3GPP LTE
enable the configuration of standard- • Create all modulation types: BPSK,
based FDD and TDD LTE test signals to QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
verify the performance of components, • Up to 4x4 MIMO configurations (spatial
receivers, and baseband ASICs. Use this multiplexing / TX diversity)
software with the Agilent MXG signal • Real-time fading with the Agilent PXB
generator for the industry’s for up to 4x2 or 2x4 MIMO
best adjacent channel
leakage ratio (ACLR) • Predefined setups for fi xed reference
performance making it ideal channels and E-UTRA test models
for the characterization • Mixed-carrier configuration with
and evaluation of BTS W-CDMA
components such as multi- • Co-existence testing using the
carrier power amplifiers. Agilent PXB with 4 independent
For applications that baseband generators
require lower phase noise,
• Create multi-carrier signals for uplink
the best level accuracy,
and downlink
or digital I/Q inputs and
outputs then use Signal • Real-time HARQ feedback for perfor-
Studio software with the mance requirements testing

Industry-leading performance with the Agilent PXB
MIMO receiver tester and the Agilent MXG and ESG
vector signal generators.

Flexible resource mapping with scalable system bandwidth
is available with Agilent’s Signal Studio Software.


3GPP LTE protocol Primer

Agenda

LTE
• LTE major features and documents
• SAE, S1 and X2 overview
• LTE Protocol Stack overviews
• Data flow through the UE LTE stack
• PHY function Overview
• RRC- focus on Handover
• Summaries/Solutions

3GPP LTE Protocol Primer
Sandy Fraser 5th March 2008

1

LTE major features

Feature Capability
UE Categories 10 Mbps - 300 Mbps on DL
(Provisionally five) 5 Mbps to 75 Mbps in UL
Access modes FDD with frame structure 1
TDD with frame structure 2
Baseline UE capability 20 MHz UL/DL, 2 Rx, one Tx antenna
Downlink transmission OFDMA using QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Uplink transmission SC-FDMA using QPSK,16QAM, 64QAM
DL Spatial diversity Open loop TX diversity
Single-User MIMO up to 4x4 supportable
UL Spatial diversity Optional open loop TX diversity, 2x2 MU-
MIMO, Optional 2x2 SU-MIMO


LTE major features

Feature Capability
Transmission Time 1 ms
Interval
H-ARQ Retransmission 8ms (At LTE peak data rates this is a very hard
Time spec to meet at baseband)
Frequency hopping Intra-TTI UL once per .5ms slot - DL once per 66 s symbol
Inter-TTI Across retransmissions
Bearer services Packet only – no circuit switched voice or data
services are supported voice must use VoIP
Multicasting Enhanced MBMS with Single Frequency Network and
cell-specific content


2

LTE 3GPP Specifications (Rel-8)

• After the LTE study phase in Rel-7, the LTE specifications
are defined in the 36-series documents of Rel-8
• There are six major groups of documents
• 36.8XX & 36.9XX Technical reports (background information)
• 36.1XX Radio specifications (and eNB conformance testing)
• 36.2XX Layer 1 baseband
• 36.3XX Layer 2/3 air interface signalling
• 36.4XX Network signalling
• 36.5XX UE Conformance Testing
• The latest versions of these documents can be found at
www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm


Agenda

LTE


3

HSS - Home subscriber server
High level SAE IMS - IP multimedia subsystem
Inter AS anchor - Inter access system anchor
MME - Mobility management entity
Architecture Op. IP Serv. - Operator IP service
PCRF - Policy and charging rule control function
UPE - User plane entity


Simplified LTE network elements and interfaces

MME = Mobile
Management
entity

SAE =
System
Architecture
Evolution

3GPP TS 36.300 Figure 4: Overall Architecture


4

LTE 3GPP – S1 and X2


3GPP TR 23.401 / 25.813

LTE
• PLMN – Public Land Mobile Network
• EPS – Evolved Packet System
• MME – Mobility Management Entity
• eNB – E-UTRAN Node B
• TAI - Tracking Area ID
• E-UTRAN – Evolved Universal Radio
Access Network
• C-RNTI – Cell Radio Network
Temporary Identifier
• RA-RNTI – Random Access RNTI
• UE – User Equipment
• IMEI – International Mobile Equipment
Identity
• IMSI – International Mobile Subscriber
Identity
• S-TMSI – SAE Temporary Mobile
Subscriber Identity

3 PP LTE P r t co lP ri er
G oo m
Sandy F as r 5 Mac h 2008
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5

What is Protocol?
An agreed-upon set of rules governing the exchange of
information.
“An agreed-upon set of rules”: what, how, and when
information is communicated must conform to some mutually
acceptable set of conventions referred to as ‘the protocol’
“Information” : Two types
• “Control” -used to setup, maintain, and end the communication link
• “Data” -the actual content that is intended to be exchanged packaged
into “messages”
The protocol defines and governs the exchange of
messages

G oo m
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Terminology

G oo m
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6

Agenda


G oo m
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LTE 3GPP Stack overview 3GPP 3.60, Fig 4.3.2

LTE
Control plane protocol stack

UE eNB MME

NAS NAS
RRC RRC Handovers, mobility

PDCP PDCP Ciphering, RoHC

RLC RLC Segmentation, Concatenation,
ARQ

MAC MAC HARQ, mapping to/from PHY

PHY PHY Modulation, coding

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7

LTE 3GPP Stack overview

UE eNB

PDCP PDCP

RLC RLC

MAC MAC
3GPP 3.60, Fig 4.3.1
User plane protocol stack
PHY PHY

G oo m
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LTE 3GPP Stack overview – PDCP
• The main services and functions of
PDCP for the user plane include:
• Header compression and
decompression: ROHC
• Transfer of user data: transmission of
user data means that PDCP receives
PDCP SDU from the NAS and forwards
it to the RLC layer and vice versa
• Ciphering;

• The main services and functions of
PDCP for the control plane include:
• Ciphering and Integrity Protection
• Transfer of control plane data:
transmission of control plane data
means that PDCP receives PDCP
SDUs from RRC and forwards it to the
RLC layer and vice versa.

PDCP layer, functional view

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8

LTE 3GPP Stack overview – PDCP PDU Structure

• Robust Header
Compression (RoHC)
• For more info see
IETF RFC 4995. IP
Data
• Reduced overhead, Header
more efficient
• Once RoHC has been Data
RoHC applied
applied the whole packet
(data AND header) are
ciphered as TS35.201 Header and
Ciphered
• Header and Message data ciphered
Authentication codes are
added PDCP
C%^b£$^8Df%^xz(£”$nf$%MAC-I
Header

IETF (The Internet Engineering Task Force)
http://www.ietf.org/
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LTE 3GPP Stack overview - RLC

LTE
• Concatenation, segmentation, re-segmentation of SDU’s to match transmission
(Transport Block –TB) parameters set by MAC or radio condiction
• Three service Mode:
Transparent mode (TM)
Unacknowledged Mode (UM)
Acknowledge Mode (AM)

• In sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs
• Error Correction through ARQ (CRC check provided by the physical layer, that is,
no CRC needed at RLC level)
• Re-ordering of PDU’s received out of order
• Duplicate detection and RLC SDU discard.
In general, the data entity from/to a higher protocol layer is known as a Service Data
Unit (SDU) and the corresponding entity to/from a lower protocol layer entity is denoted
Protocol Data Unit (PDU).

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9

RLC Segmentation and Concatenation

• Multiple RLC SDU’s are segmented / concatenated into a single RLC
PDU
• MAC knows what physical resources are available and RLC provides
RLC PDU’s to the size that MAC requests.
• RLC PDU size varies dynamically.
• RLC SDU’s can be control information, voice, data etc

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LTE 3GPP – RLC, Transparent Mode (TM)

• Transparent mode PDU’s are
passed on by RLC as received
• No Headers
• No Concatenation
• No segmentation

• Associated with the following
logical channels
• BCCH 36.322 Figure 4.2.1.1.1-1: Model of two transparent mode peer entities

• UL CCCH
• DL CCCH
• PCCH

TMD PDU (No Header)

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10

LTE 3GPP – RLC, Unacknowledged Mode (UM)
• RLC conducts:
• No retransmission service (No ARQ)
• Segmentation and /or concatenation
of PDU’s depending on Transport
Block information provided by MAC
• Adds necessary headers
• Re-orders out of sequence PDU’s
• Detects lost PDU’s
• Discard duplicate PDU’s
• Associated with the following logical
channels
• UL &DL DCCH
• UL &DL DTCH
• MCCH & MTCH 36.322 Figure 4.2.1.2.1-1: Model of two unacknowledged mode peer entities

G oo m
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LTE 3GPP – RLC, Unacknowledged Mode (UM)

LTE
• RLC is instructed by RRC to use
either 5 or 10 bit Sequence Number
• The construction of the UM RLC
PDU differs for each of these

36.322 Figure 6.2.1.3-1: UMD PDU with 5 bit SN (No LI)
Data Data
FI Framing Info
SN Sequence Nunber (5 or 10 bit)
E Extension bit
R1 Reserved
LI Length Indicator 36.322 Figure 6.2.1.3-2: UMD PDU with 10 bit SN (No LI)

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11

LTE 3GPP – RLC, Acknowledged Mode (AM)

• For AM RLC conducts:
AM-SAP

• Retransmission and in-sequence delivery.
• Segmentation and /or concatenation
Transmission
of PDU’s depending on Transport buffer
RLC control SDU reassembly

Block information provided by MAC
• Adds necessary headers Segmentation & Retransmission
Remove RLC header

• Re-orders out of sequence PDU’s
Concatenation buffer

• Detects lost PDU’s Reception
buffer & HARQ
reordering

• Discard duplicate PDU’s
• Number of re-segmentation is not Add RLC header
Routing

limited
• Associated with the following logical DCCH/DTCH DCCH/DTCH

channels
• UL &DL DCCH 36.322 Figure 4.2.1.3.1-1: Model of an acknowledged mode enttiy

• UL &DL DTCH

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• Acknowledged Mode PDU frame
structure
• Shown here is a PDU with no additional E & LI
fields showns
• If there are an add number of LI fields, there is
additional 4 bits padding. 36.322 Figure 6.2.1.4-1: AMD PDU (No LI)
• If there is an even number of LI fields then no
additional padding is necessary.

D/C Data / Control Indicated either Data or Control PDU
RF Re-segmentation Flag Indicates either a PDU or a PDU segment
P Polling Bit Status report required / not required
FI Framing Info Segmentation info
SN Sequence Number (5 or 10 bit) Sequence number of the RLC PDU
E Extension bit Data or more E and LI to follow
LI Length indicator Data field length in bytes

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12


• Acknowledged Mode PDU SEGMENT

36.322 Figure 6.2.1.5-1: AMD PDU segment (No LI)

RF Re-segmentation Flag Indicates either a PDU or a PDU segment
P Polling Bit Status report required / not required
FI Framing Info Segmentation info
SN Sequence Number (5 or 10 bit) Sequence number of the RLC PDU
SO Segment Offset Start/end of PDU portion detected as lost
LSF Last Segment Flag This is the last segment of the PDU

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LTE
• Acknowledged Mode STATUS PDU

36.322 Figure 6.2.1.6-1: STATUS PDU

CPT Control PDU Type Status PDU or TBD
ACK_SN Acknowledged SN Lowest SN not received or lost
NACK_SN Neg. Acknowledged SN SN of PDU detected as lost
E1 Extension bit 1 Indicates whether NACK_SN & E2 follows
E2 Extension bit 2 Indicates whether SO start/end follow
SOStart Sequence Offset Start 1st byte of portion of lost PDU
SOend Sequence Offset End Last byte of portion of lost PDU

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13

MAC function location and link direction
association
MAC function UE eNB Downlink Uplink
Mapping between logical channels and x x x
transport channels x x x
Multiplexing x x
x x
Demultiplexing x x
x x
Error correction through HARQ x x x
x x x
Transport Format Selection x x x
Priority handling between UEs x x x
Priority handling between logical x x x
channels of one UE
Logical Channel prioritisation x x
Scheduling information reporting x x

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LTE 3GPP – MAC PDU structure

• A MAC PDU consists of a MAC header, zero or more MAC Service Data
Units (MAC SDU), zero, or more MAC control elements, and optionally
padding

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14

LTE 3GPP - MAC PDU , DL-SCH, UL-SCH

• Similar to UMTS – Header, MAC SDU’s, MAC control elements, Padding
• Header and SDU’s can be variable in size
• MAC PDU Header consists of one or more sub-headers, relating to multiple MAC SDU’s,
MAC control elements or padding
• Normally the sub-header contains 6 header fields, R/R/E/LCID/F/L
• The LAST sub-header and FIXED sized MAC control elements only have 4 header fields –
R/R/E/LCID
36.321 Figure 6.1.2-1: R/R/E/LCID/F/L MAC sub-header

LCID Logical Channel ID
L Length
R Reserved
E Extension
F Format

Figure 6.1.2-2: R/R/E/LCID MAC sub-header

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MAC PDU with several headers/elements

LTE
•If there are multiple SDU’s in
the MAC PDU, then there will
be multiple sub-headers
•Each header could be data or
control information.

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15

LTE 3GPP - MAC Scheduling

• MAC’s main function will be the distribution and management of
common resources in both UL –SCH and DL-SCH to multiple UE’s
• eNB MAC must take account of:
• Overall traffic volume
• UE QoS needs for each connection type.
• Radio conditions through measurement by UE.
• If a UE requests resources via a Scheduling request, the eNB will
provide a scheduling grant identified by C-RNTI (unique identifier
provided by RRC) Scheduling grant will also include
• Physical Resource Blocks
• Modulation Coding Scheme
• A UE could have several streams of control or user data, identified by
Logical Control ID (LCID)

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LTE 3GPP - MAC ARQ and HARQ
N-Process Stop and Wait HARQ (LTE support maximum 8 HARQ processes)
•Downlink
•Asynchronous Adaptive HARQ
•PUSCH or PUCCH used for ACK/NACKS for DL (re-)transmissions
•PDCCH signals the HARQ process number and if re-transmission or
transmission

•Uplink
•Synchronous HARQ
•Maximum number of re-transmissions configured per UE
•PHICH used to transmit ACK/NACKs for non-adaptive UL (re-)transmissions.
Adaptive re-transmissions are scheduled through PDCCH

•MAC HARQ can also interact with RLC to provide information to speed up RLC
ARQ re-segmentation and re-transmission.
•HARQ re-transmissions could be delayed if they collide with GAP measurements
required for certain types of Handovers. The GAP Measurements take priority

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16

Function of Physical Layer Service

- Error detection on the transport channel and indication to higher layers
- FEC encoding/decoding of the transport channel
- Hybrid ARQ soft-combining
- Rate matching of the coded transport channel to physical channels
- Mapping of the coded transport channel onto physical channels
- Power weighting of physical channels
- Modulation and demodulation of physical channels
- Frequency and time synchronisation
- Radio characteristics measurements and indication to higher layers
- Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna processing
- Transmit Diversity (TX diversity)
- Beamforming
- RF processing.

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LTE 3GPP Stack overview - Physical

LTE
To/From Higher Layers

36.212
Multiplexing and channel
coding

36.211 36.213 36.214
Physical Channels and Physical layer procedures Physical layer –
Modulation Measurements

Relation between Physical Layer specifications

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17

LTE 3GPP Stack overview - RRC
• The main services and functions of the RRC subl-ayer include:
• Broadcast of System Information
• Paging (creation and management);
• Establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the
UE and E-UTRAN including:
– Allocation of temporary identifiers (C-RNTI) between UE and E-UTRAN;
– Configuration of signalling radio bearer(s) for RRC connection:
• Security functions including key management;
• Mobility functions including:
– UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting for inter-cell and
inter-RAT mobility;
– Inter-cell handover;
– UE cell selection and reselection and control of cell selection and
reselection;
• Notification for MBMS services;
• QoS management functions;
– UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting;
– NAS direct message transfer to/from NAS from/to UE.

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LTE 3GPP RRC
Cell (re)selection and handover procedures

• E-UTRAN Handovers will be possible from:
• E-UTRAN<>E-UTRAN
• E-UTRAN<>UTRAN
• E-UTRAN<>GERAN
• E-UTRAN<>Non 3GPP RAN’s

• Handovers will follow general GERAN/UTRAN procedures:
• MS measures neighbour cells
• MS reports RxLev, RxQual to BSE/NodeB
• When one of the neighbours looks more favourable, HO or
Cell (re)-selection occurs

• However there are some changes in E-UTRAN

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18

Handover measurement scenarios

• Intra E-UTRAN Handovers will be affected by differences between
the host and targeted neighbour cells:
• Centre Frequency Offset (or lack of)
• Bandwidth of target cell is greater or less than host cell

• Gap or no gap decision for cell measurements to assist HO is
detailed in 36-300 10.1.3

• RRC controls measurement gaps and patterns
• Scheduled gaps
• Individual gaps

NGA NGA NGA GA GA GA

NGA, No Gap Assistance, GA, Gap Assistance

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LTE

• General concern (36-300, 10.2.3.4) over measurement times for a multi-RAT
device
• Full E-UTRAN 20MHz bandwidth
• GSM Multi-band access
• UTRAN Multi-band access
• Non-3GPP (WiMax, CDMA2000 etc) Interworking
• Load Limiting will be controlled by:
• E-UTRAN can configure the RATs to be measured by UE
• Limiting measurement criteria (TS 25.133)
• Awareness of E-UTRAN of UE capabilities
• Blind handover support (without measurement reports),

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19


• For Handovers, the network can provide some assistance
• E-UTRAN – no cell specific assistance or frequency only
• UTRAN – frequency list and scrambling codes
• GERAN – frequency list. The UE can also “leave” the E-UTRA cell to
read the target GERAN BCH to assess suitability prior to reselection.
• UTRAN to E-UTRAN Measurements - UE performs E-UTRAN
measurements in compressed mode
• GERAN to E-UTRAN Measurements performed during idle frame, 36-
300, 10.2.3.2 raises some concern over time constraints
• General worry 36-300, 10.2.3.4 over measurement times for a multi-
RAT device
• Support for non 3GPP Radio technologies is also being discussed

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LTE 3GPP Stack overview - NAS

•The main services and functions of the NAS layer include:
•EPS Bearer Management
•Authentication
•ECM-IDLE mobility handling
•Security
UE eNB MME

NAS NAS
RRC RRC

PDCP PDCP

RLC RLC

3GPP 3.60, Fig 4.3.2 MAC MAC
Control plane protocol stack
PHY PHY

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20

Agenda


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Summary/Solutions

LTE
• Simplified all IP network, with fewer elements and more autonomy for the eNB
• No RNC, NO Soft HO
• Some specifications are almost complete, some are still FFS
• UL power control (PHY process defined 36.213, upper layer procedures FFS)
• RRC firming up, but still needs much work
• UMTS comparison:
• Much more in MAC to reduce higher level processing
• Higher layers similar to UMTS
• Reduced complexity and channel count
• Much simplified categorisation
• Some areas more complex because of Diversity, eg CQI, Power control
• Designed to interwork with existing UMTS and CDMA2000 networks

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21

Agilent and Anite

Industry Leaders Partnering to Deliver
World Class LTE Development Solutions

• Providing scalable test solutions to address the complete R&D life
cycle for LTE mobile development.
• Anite and Agilent are partnering to deliver industry leading UE LTE R&D test
solutions.
• Anite will provide industry leading development, conformance and
interoperability protocol test solutions for LTE
• Agilent will be providing an industry leading RF platform, OBT based solutions
and RF conformance solutions for LTE.
• These solutions will use a common RF hardware platform and a common
protocol stack providing a truly scalable solution to address all phases of UE
development – enabling customers to bring LTE UEs to market faster and more
efficiently.

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Agilent LTE UE Test Across the
E6620A R&D
lifecycle

Early Protocol
Conformance
Development
test RF and
Protocol
RF Design Bench top Interoperability and
Verification Interactive validation
Functional test

A Portfolio of scalable solutions
with ONE common hardware platform and protocol stack

•Improve efficiency & consistency with all developers using the same platform
•Ensure the best utilization of valuable test assets

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22

Agilent and Anite
in partnership - to accelerate LTE test solutions

NEW!
Combining strengths to bring a
full-range of LTE solutions to
market faster

• Anite Protocol development &
conformance systems built on
Agilent E6620A hardware
platform

• Agilent bench top one box Anite SAT LTE Protocol
test set and RF conformance Tester
test leveraging common with Development Toolset
Anite/Agilent protocol stack built on the Agilent E6620A

First to Market toolset for LTE UE protocol developer
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LTE

23

LTE Baseband Analysis

Logic Analysis To validate RFIC operation, engineers can
also leverage the combination of signal
In next-generation architectures the generation software and the RDX tester
physical link between the RF front-end and connected to the system-under-test
baseband processing evolves from an ana- through a DigRF v3 or v4 digital connection
log to parallel, or high-speed, serial digital to test the transmit signal path.
bus. New interface standards require test
equipment to provide appropriate serial For R&D engineers designing or integrating
digital inputs and outputs. MIPI (Mobile Industry Processor Alliance)
D-PHY devices within a mobile handset,
The combination of an Agilent RDX tester the same logic analysis solution can be
or logic analyzer and Agilent’s Vector used as a MIPI D-PHY protocol test solu-
Signal Analysis (VSA) software provides tion, with support for display (DSI) and
the only digital VSA (DVSA) package for camera (CSI-2) interfaces. The solution
digital baseband, IF and RF signal analysis. includes a conﬁgurable stimulus platform
This combination enables digital signal which offers bit-to-video level test capa-
processing (DSP) designers to effectively bilities for embedded displays, real-time
design and debug interfaces that were analysis and protocol viewing capabili-
once analog and are now digital. The ties. Engineers can gain valuable insight
VSA software performs signal analysis into the exchanges between MIPI D-PHY
functions such as I/Q analysis, EVM, enabled devices.
Fourier spectrum, etc., using the digital
signal captured by the logic analyzer as
the input.

Characterize behavior of devices, from baseband to antenna, with access throughout the block diagram.

LTE Baseband Analysis

LTE Digital Real-Time Decode & Debug signals. Two-channel Infiniium scopes
can also make the coherent two-channel
Combine Agilent’s vector signal analysis MIMO measurements needed for IEEE
software with Agilent’s Infiniium 90000A 802.11n and WiMAX™. The digitized
series oscilloscope to analyze wide- signals are transferred via GPIB, USB, or
bandwidth signals. The 90000A oscilloscope LAN to the PC running the 89600 VSA
provides up to 13 GHz of analysis bandwidth software where the frequency, time,
and is well suited to digitizing down- and modulation analysis tools of the
converted satellite, LMDS, and MMDS 89600 VSA can be used to evaluate and
signals, as well as WiMedia-based troubleshoot the signal.
UWB or other extremely
broadband Agilent Infiniium 90000A series high
performance real-time oscilloscopes
deliver superior signal integrity, deep
application analysis, and excellent insight.
They offer the industry’s lowest noise
floor, deepest memory (1 Gpts), only three-
level sequence triggering, and widest
selection of applications.

Troubleshoot digital glitches
with the Agilent DSO90000A
high performance, real-time
oscilloscope.

DigRF Digital Interface digital or RF domain for digital protocol
test as well as RF (digital IQ) physical layer
If you are using the DigRF (v3 or v4) base- stimulus and analysis. The integration
band IC to RFIC interface, the Agilent RDX of the RDX platform with the Agilent RF
platform provides a comprehensive test portfolio provides cross-domain solutions
solution that brings insight into both the that will help you rapidly deploy your DigRF
digital and RF domains. The RDX platform designs, aiding both baseband and RF IC
allows engineers to work in either the development, debug and characterization.

Access DigRF v3 and v4
interfaces, as well as Digital
IQ data, with the RDX test
platform.


Concept of TD-LTE

TDD-LTE
TD-LTE MIMO test (PHY)

TD-LTE wireless library
& connected solution TD-LTE signaling test

By Dr. Michael Leung
TD-LTE RF conformance test

Page 1

Agenda

•Understanding TD-LTE technology

•TD-LTE market opportunity

•Technical challenges of TD-LTE

• RF measurement

• Agilent TD-LTE solution
TDD-LTE

Agilent, PicoChip & ASTRI Hong Kong
TD-LTE UE & Femtocell Demo (MWC 2009)

Agenda




• RF measurement


What is TD-LTE?

• LTE TDD (Long Term Evolution Time Division Duplex) or also known as TD-LTE
is part of the 3GPP specifications for the next generation cellular technology.
• In China, TD-LTE will be an evolution from TD-SCDMA and will provide for
asymmetric needs of mobile data usage and allow use of unpaired spectrum.
• China Mobile will use the TDD version of LTE that will be compatible with TD-
SCDMA and the rest of the world's LTE. LTE, or Long Term Evolution, is a fourth
generation (4G) mobile broadband standard and is aimed to be the successor
to the 3G technologies GSM.

Page 4

Multimode LTE network:
TD-LTE & LTE-FDD
China Mobile, Verizon Wireless and Vodafone Trials
Confirm LTE as a Next Generation Candidate
Wednesday, 18 February 2009
http://www.umts-forum.org/content/view/2708/109/

China Mobile, Verizon Wireless and Vodafone have conducted joint
laboratory trials of the Time Division Duplex (TDD) version of LTE (TD-LTE),
showing that the technology is capable of operating effectively in
unpaired as well as paired spectrum. The LTE testing alliance, which has
also conducted field tests of LTE Frequency Division Duplex (LTE FDD),
aims to develop a converged LTE FDD and TD-LTE system to enable an
effective solution for both FDD (paired) and TDD (unpaired) spectrum.

Page 5

HSS - Home subscriber server
IMS - IP multimedia subsystem
High level Architecture Inter AS anchor - Inter access system anchor
MME - Mobility management entity
Op. IP Serv. - Operator IP service
PCRF - Policy and charging rule control function
UPE - User plane entity

TDD-LTE

Operating bands – FDD / TDD

TD-LTE & TD-SCDMA

Integration frame structures (TD-SCDMA& TD-LTE)

TDD FS1 TDD FS2
10ms Frame 5ms half Frame

#0 #1 #18 #19

0.5 ms 0.675 ms

The single TDD FS
5ms half Frame

0.5 ms

Integration of TD-LTE frame structure

Agenda




• RF measurement

TDD-LTE

Who participate in TD-LTE?

China Spectrum Allocation

TDD FDD (uplink) Satellite TDD Void FDD (downlink)

30 15
40 MHz 60 MHz 85 MHz 60 MHz
MHz MHz

1880 1920 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170
Duplex Spacing 190 MHz
TDD

100 MHz

2300 2400

Air interface Mode Frequency Band RF Bandwidth Availability

TD-SCDMA TDD 40 + 15 + 100 MHz 1.6 MHz 155MHz
W-CDMA FDD 60 MHz 5 MHz 60MHz

Page 12
Page 12

China Telecom Operators

3G Network (China)
Over 40 Billion USD investment in developing the 3G network
infrastructure, mobile devices, and services

• China Mobile
– RMB 58.8 billion yuan ($8.6 billion) investment to build 60,000 base stations
infrastructure in 238 cities during 2009
– To build TD-LTE trial network in 2010
• China Unicom
– RMB 30 billion yuan ($4.4 billion) for construction of the WCDMA network
in 1H 2009, and the overall expenditure on network building would exceed
60 billion yuan in 282 cities during 2009
– WCDMA trial networks: Shanghai, Shenzhen, Foshan, Liuzhou, Zhenzhou,
Baoding, Wuxi, Wuhan
TDD-LTE

– Estimated that start network construction in February and formally open
the network on May 2009
• China Telecom
– RMB 50 billion yuan ($7.4 billion) investment into CDMA2000
– Complete 340 cities CDMA upgrade program in 1H 09

Page 14

China TD-SCDMA (TD-LTE) Food Chain
Service
Providers

Agenda




• RF measurement


LTE (FDD/TDD) Standard update

2007 2008 2009
Dec Mar Jun Sep Dec Mar Jun
Phy ch,
Modulation F
RAN1 Coding F
Procedure F
Measurement F

UE Idle mode A F
UE capability A F A: Approved
MAC A F
RAN2 RLC A F
PDCP A/F F: Frozen
RRC A F F
Protocol &Tabular ASN.1

Layer 1 A F
Sig. transport A F
RAN3 Data transport A F
Protocol A F F
Protocol &Tabular ASN.1

UE Tx/Rx A/F
RAN4 eNB Tx/Rx A/F
RRM A F
eNB Test A/F

Common env. A
RAN5 Signaling A
RF A

LTE (FDD/TDD) standard update

TDD-LTE

TD-LTE in 4G roadmap…

Page 19

3GPP Reference Standard

Some incorrect information are included in Dec-08 spec, so it will be updated in Mar-09 spec (as BUG FIX)

3GPP Release 8 Standard Transition

Customer interest is changing from L1 PHY spec to RF conformance test spec now
UL MU-MIMO isn’t defined yet in release 8 standard

Physical Layer definitions – TS36.211
Ts = 1 / (15000x2048)=32.552nsec
Frame Structure Ts: Time clock unit for definitions
Frame Structure type 1 (FDD) FDD: Uplink and downlink are transmitted separately

One radio frame, Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10 ms
One slot, Tslot = 15360 x Ts = 0.5 ms

#0 #1 #2 #3 ………. #18 #19
One subframe

Subframe 0 Subframe 1 Subframe 9

Frame Structure type 2 (TDD) Subframe 0 and DwPTS for downlink, Subframe 1 and UpPTS for Uplink
One radio frame, Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10 ms
One half-frame, 153600 x Ts = 5 ms

One subframe, 20736 x Tx = 0.675 ms
TDD-LTE

Guard interval

#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
DwPTS, UpPTS
Guard period,

TDD Downlink and Uplink Allocation

•5ms switch-point periodicity: Subframe 0, 5 and DwPTS for downlink,
Subframe 2, 7 and UpPTS for uplink
•10ms switch-point periodicity: Subframe 0, 5,7-9 and DwPTS for downlink,
Subframe 2 and UpPTS for Uplink

Configuration Switch- Subframe number
point
periodicity
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U
1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D
2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D
3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D
4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D
5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D
6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D

Page 23

Downlink FDD Resource Mapping

NsymbDL OFDM symbols (=7 OFDM symbols @ Normal CP) 1slot = 15360 Ts

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 (x Ts)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Cyclic Prefix

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 1
6 0 2 3 4 5 6 P-SCH
S-SCH
PBCH

PCFICH/PHICH/PDCCH
Reference Signal – (Pilot)
Subframe 0 Subframe 1 No Transmission

1 frame

Agilent Confidential

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Agilent 13 Aug 2007
Forum

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