2. Autonomous Vehicles Defined
Vehicle that get from one point to
another point without human
supervision
“Cars that drive itself “
Inspired by the efforts, the electric utility company, Central Power and
Light Company, launched an advertorial that was posted on many
leading newspapers throughout 1956 and 1957 and predicted
autonomous cars
3. Why Autonomous ?
Automobiles play a significant role in our lives and afford many benefits to
society.
But no other invention in the history of civilian technology
has caused as much harm as the automobile.
Every 30 seconds, someone dies in a traffic accident, Nearly 1.3 million
people die in road crashes each year, on average 3,287 deaths a day.
An additional 20-50 million are injured or disabled.
Road traffic crashes rank as the 9th leading cause of death and account for
2.2% of all deaths globally
Human error is the cause of over 90% of automobile accidents
4. The Technology of the Autonomous Car
Self driving- vehicle can drive it’s own
Auto pilot –Assist the driver during driving
Anti-Lock Brakes-Warns or takes action in case of danger ,apply brake
automatically
Adaptive cruise control-Car stays a safe distance behind cars ahead of it
Lane-departure warning system –always keeps lane ,can take over lazy or
inattentive drivers
Intelligent parking-automatically parks in the parking lot
Blind spot monitoring - Warns if cars are in blind spots
Video
5. Components
The Lidar System
GPS
Radar sensors
Ultrasonic Sensors
Video Cameras
Central Computer
6. GOOGLE SELF DRIVING CAR -WAYMO
Thesoftware
powering Google's
cars is called Google
Chauffeur.
7. The Lidar System
The Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) which is mounted on the roof of the
vehicle is the most important device in the Autonomous vehicles
This laser allows the vehicle to generate a detailed 3D map of its environment
The LIDAR consists of an emitter, mirror and receiver.
The emitter sends out a LASER beam that bounces off a mirror that is rotating
along with the cylindrical housing at 10 revolutions per minute.
After bouncing off objects, the LASER beam returns to the mirror and is
bounced back towards the receiver, where it can be interpreted into data.
The vehicle can then generate a map of its surroundings and use the map to
avoid objects.
8. GPS
To obtain macro location –accuracy up to 2-3 metres
A GPS is used, just like the satellite navigation systems in most cars, to get a
rough location of the car, also radar, lasers and cameras take overto monitor the
world around the car, 360-degrees for more precise location
9. RADAR
Radars are fitted in the bumpers at front
The radar chirps between 10 and 11 GHz over a 5 millisecond period,
transmitting the radar signal from a centrally located antenna cone,
Two receive cones, separated by approximately 14 inches, receive
the reflected radar energy
Traditional RADAR sensors are used to detect dangerous objects in
the vehicle’s path that are more than 100 meters away.
Accident-Prevention systems trigger alerts when they detect
something in a car’s blind spot
10. VIDEO CAMERAS
Used for near vision
A camera mounted near the rear-view mirror/windshield build a
real-time 3D images of the road ahead, spotting hazards like
pedestrians and animals
It is also used to identify road signs, markings and traffic signals.
11. ULTRASONICSENSORS
Itis used to measure the position of objects very close to the vehicle, such as curbs
and other vehicles when parking
Keep track of the movements of the car and will alert the car about the obstacles
in the rear.
Cars that offers automatic ‘Reverse Park Assist’ technology utilize such sensors to
help navigate that car into tight reverse parking spots.
These sensors get activated when the car is engaged in the reverse gear
These sensors provide input to a number of different automotive systems
including the anti-lock brake system and electronic stability control.
12. CENTRAL COMPUTER
The software can recognise objects, people, cars, road marking, signs and traffic lights,
and safely navigate around them
It works based on machine learning technology
Information from all the sensors is analysed by a central computer, based on the
information received the software takes self driving decisions such as steering, accelerator
and brakes.
Programme to interpret the common road signs -Predetermined shape and motion
descriptors are programmed into the system to help the car make intelligent decisions
eg-if a cyclist gestures that he intends to make a manoeuvre, the driverless car
interprets it correctly and slow down to allow the cyclist to turn.
13. How it work ?
1.Computer vision –where we are in the world
2.Narrow down the exact position
3.To chart the course –trajectory
4.To move the vehicle
15. TOYOTA LEXUS
TESLA MODEL S
AUDI DELPHI
Other Competitors :
GM, Ford, Volvo , Toyota,
Honda ,Cadillac
16. Pros
Increased road Safety –Very less chances of accidents
Reduced traffic congestion ,almost zero commute
Beneficial for disabled peoples ,as they no longer need a driver to take them out
Less need of law enforcement – No over speeding or accidents
Smoother ride –Relief of vehicle occupants from driving and navigation
Removal of constraints on occupants' state
Reduction of space required for vehicle parking
Decreased emissions
Personal savings –No need to own private vehicle as AV’s will be readily available
anywhere, anytime
17. Cons
Job loss in taxi industry
Costly technology
Less revenue from speeding ,parking tickets
Prone to cyber attacks
software reliability
Awkward designs
Requires a rapid change in fabrication technologies
19. Weigh the pros and cons of each potential outcome to determine the
net change in overall welfare
Random Outcome Generator
Consider user safety first What do you choose to do?
20. Tesla CEO, Elon Musk, expects true autonomous driving by 2023. “In 5 or
6 years we will be able to achieve true autonomous driving where you could
literally get in the car, go to sleep and wake up at your destination”
Google self driving car -In 2012, Google founder Sergey Brin stated that
Google Self-Driving car will be available for the general public in 2020
MERCEDEZ F015 will be road ready by 2030
By 2040, we estimate that 95% of vehicles will be autonomous
21. Internet of connected things - cars, communicating with each other and with the
larger world, will not only reduce accidents but also ease traffic
Ride sharing will be a blessing for the auto industry
cars will be a space to consume media, conference, and make calls
Cars won’t have steering wheel, pedals, side mirrors
There won’t be driving schools and diving licence
A final thought for those of us who love to drive and dread the thought of an
autonomous car: You’ll have your chance to drive, but it will become a hobby, like
horseback riding
22. References
AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES AND ENERGY IMPACTS :A SCENARIO ANALYSIS Catherine
Ross , Subhrajit Guhathakurta
AUTONOMOUS OR DRIVER-LESS VEHICLES: IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES AND
OPERATIONAL CONCERNS Neda Masouda,⁎, R. Jayakrishnanb
AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES’ DISENGAGEMENTS: TRENDS, TRIGGERS, AND
REGULATORY LIMITATIONS Francesca Favaròa,b,⁎, Sky Eurichb, Nazanin Naderba
Department of Aviation and Technology, San Jose State University
MODELLING TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS INVOLVING AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES : A
STATE OF THE ART
Jaâfar Berradaa*, Fabien Leurentb
BRANDON, JOHN. "The New Cruise Control." Inc 37.1 (2015): 88-94. Academic Search
Complete. Web. 1 Apr. 2015.
PULTAROVA, TEREZA. "Self-Driving Self-charging Electric Cars Ready to Roll."
Engineering & Technology (17509637) 9.12 (2015): 10. Academic Search Complete. Web.
1 Apr. 2015.
"The Road To Self-Driving Cars." Consumer Reports 79.4 (2014): 16-20. Academic Search
Complete. Web. 1 Apr. 2015.
