The document proposes an intelligent parking solution using IoT, machine learning and blockchain to address challenges in urban parking services. IoT sensors would detect parking availability and validate bookings. Machine learning would analyze data to compute optimal parking rates and policies. Blockchain would provide a shared ledger for all parking transactions, payments, and asset management across multiple operators. This is envisioned to optimize parking utilization, reduce disputes, and support smart city initiatives through decentralized technologies.

1. 12/6/20181
WE TURN BLOCKCHAIN INTO BUSINESS RESULTS.
Intelligent Parking based on
IoT/Blockchain to support Smart City
Evolution
Mohan Venkataraman, Chief Technology Officer at Chainyard
Phanindra Murthy, Co-founder of Parkulus Solutions
Nikhil Polavarapu, Blockchain Consultant
Credits: Aashish Shreshtha, Isaac Kunkel, Abhishek Mishra

2. 12/6/20182 12/6/2018
Overview
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2018 CHAINYARD@
Agenda
1
2 Business Case for a solution
3 IOT Device Specifications
4 Blockchain Architecture Specifications
5 Conclusion

3. 12/6/20183
ABOUT CHAINYARD
Copyright © 2018
CHAINYARD™️3
❖ Deep expertise in Enterprise Blockchain Adoption & Solution
Implementation
❖ Focused on permissioned blockchains for enterprises
❖ Key contributor with IBM to Hyperledger Fabric platform
❖ Multiple projects on Hyperledger-Fabric & Ethereum platforms
❖ Production ready solutions in multiple domains – Financial
Services, Asset Management, Procurement
❖ Expertise in Consortium Building and Governance
WE TURN BLOCKCHAIN INTO BUSINESS RESULTS.
20+ Projects
4 in Production
2+ in Pilot Phase
3+ Projects > 18 Months
Morrisville, NC, USA Based

4. 12/6/20184
ABOUT PARKULUS
Copyright © 2018
PARKULUS4
❖ Parkulus Solutions designs, builds product offerings for parking
management providers. Provides rich consultancy services for
clients across globe
❖ Focuses on Smart city projects to solve basic parking issues
using Parkulus products in India
❖ Supported EU,UK markets for solving off & on street parking
issues using IoT & advanced technologies
❖ Specializes in software design, architecture and in building
customer centric , cost effective and scalable products
IOT based Parking Solutions for Smart City initiatives.
Decoupled
and Elastic
Architecture
Reliability
and High
Availability
High
Performance
with customer
TAT of 5ms
Advance
Analytics suite
for Customer
Dynamics
Seamless API
Integrations
AnP Cameras,
RFID Accesses,
Sensors &
many more

5. 12/6/20185
Key Challenges in Urban Parking Services
❖ Parking space availability is not keeping pace with increase in
the number of vehicle ownership in urban spaces.
❖ Policies are not well understood leading to parking violations
and disputes with the City or County
❖ Parking lots usage are not optimized leading to peaks and
valleys in occupancy and revenue generation
❖ Finding a parking spot is frustrating for drivers leading to
energy burn, lost time and increased vehicular accidents
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2018 CHAINYARD@

6. 12/6/20186
What does the data show?
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Average loss of time
in finding affordable
parking spot per
driver in US is 17
hours with combined
costs amounting to
$72.2 billion annually
35% of commuters
travel during rush
hours looking for free
parking spots that are
hard to find
Drivers in New York
City spent an average
of 107 hours (against
a nationwide average
of 17) per driver per
year looking for
parking, and this costs
them $2,243 per
driver per year
Median fees for
violating regulations
ranged from $25
(meter violations) up
to $200 (handicapped
parking violations)
across 107 US cities
2016 Survey done in
US reported 32% of
events where
arguments and fights
ensued with fellow
drivers due to
frustration causing
traffic issues
Sources: PRNews & USA Today Sources: Sierra & Parkres Source: INRIX
Source: Circontrol Source: Sagepub

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IOT Slam 2018 Virtual Conference
IoT Device Ecosystem

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Role of IoT in Smart City Development
❖ Internet of Things (IoT) technology is based on low-power consuming form factor devices to perform
minimal functions of sensing and reporting events or collecting data, and transmitting them over the internet
❖ A recent report by the International Data Corporation (IDC) estimates that by 2020 the number of devices
connected to the internet will exceed 30 billion
❖ Smart cities can take advantage of IoT Farms to maximize the productivity and reliability of urban
infrastructure
❖ IoT devices can be effectively used in monitoring traffic patterns, monitoring congestion and optimizing the
usage of public services and facilities
❖ These devices can be employed for a variety of other purposes from monitoring air quality, water safety,
energy management, smart metering – just to name a few
❖ The IoT Parking Sensors can enable smart parking and can work in conjunction with machine learning (ML)
and blockchain.
Copyright © 2018 PARKULUS LLP

9. 12/6/20189
IoT-Blockchain Urban Parking in Smart Cities
IOT in conjunction with Machine Learning and Blockchain can deliver a trusted service with
improved efficiency and reduced costs
❑ The IOT devices will respond to parking events and status requests. Only authenticated devices will
operate on the network
❑ ML will enable analysis of historic information and real-time data to compute parking rates, estimate
token value, understand consumer behavioral patterns, issue credits and incentives.
❑ The blockchain will provide a trusted ledger of all transactions – request for parking, parking
subscriptions, IoT metering and settlements. The blockchain will work across multiple Lot Operators and
Lots
Application
API
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,,,,,,,,,
Copyright ©
2018 CHAINYARD

10. 12/6/201810
IoT and Blockchain Impact
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2018 CHAINYARD
Monitors all parking
spots at a given facility
Sensor pings & checks
the parking lot status
Allow for booking
(Select and Reserve)
{Sends data to parking
systems/Display
board}
Allows customer to
book and register with
cust.info, vehicle info,
lot#, start & end time
Update the
book/release info
through API into
blockchain
Confirm booking if lot
is occupied within
permitted interval
Send confirmation or
show error “show
unavailable”
Activate/Decommission
parking spot for
maintenance
Real time parking
availability
status/online facility
for pre-booking
Execute smart
contracts with
controlled parking
rates across zones
Process payments
through tokens
available on blockchain
Negate overhead charges
levied due to broker apps
and transaction fees
Investigate and resolve
disputes (civic authorities)
Support Dynamic Lot
Pricing
Manage Asset Ownership
Validate accuracy through identity
management (subscriber, device etc.),
payment run and remittances to
parking owners/vendors
Help in recording customer profiling,
shopping patterns, spending patterns,
hobbies (consumer
lifestyle/social/behaviour analytics)
Support future state
such as driverless cars
& demand
predictability
BLOCKCHAIN
BLOCKCHAIN Benefits

11. 12/6/201811
Parking
Scenario
Customer Sensor Middleware(BlockChain-Parkulus API
cloud)
Sensor Reporting –
Book/Release lot
1
Periodically Wakes
up and Detects Lot
status
Update database
Update BlockChain
API Call
(Book/Release)
No Sensor
reporting
Within SLA
No Input
2
Customer
Booking(Mobile APP)-
Parking lot
Locates the parking lot
on the map(mobile app)
& selects for booking
Lot
occupied in
the
permitted
interval
Confirm Booking
No
Yes
Update
BlockChain
Show error ‘slot
unavailable’
Send
Confirmation
API Call –Book with
–Customer info,
Vehicle info,
Lot #,
Start& End time
Continued parking on
the pre-booked slot
Detects the Vehicle
API Call
(Book/Release)
Pushes MFA call
Customer
Verification Passed
Failed
Alarm Enforcement
Team’
Copyright ©
2018 Parkulus

12. 12/6/201812 12/6/2018
As a Uses To Perform Tech notes
<Parking Customer> MobileApp/web interface 1. Pre-registration
2. Finding lot
3. Booking the slot for the required time slot
4. Digital payment for the duration
1. Real time Db integrations (RTDB) calls for
customer registration.
2. Real time Db integrations (RTDB) calls
3. Real time Db integrations (RTDB) calls for
assigning parking lot against the Customer#
4. Payment Gateway Call
<Parking Admin> MobileApp/web interface 1. Setting up lots(Parkingprovidername, lot#, time
etc)
2. Blocking lot for any space/sensor related issues
3. Unblocking lot
1. Real time Db integrations (RTDB) calls to
register in the database
2. Manual action on the Parkulus Admin UI
3. Manual action on the Parkulus Admin UI
<Enforcement
officer>
MobileApp/web interface 1. Fetch the parking info based on Vehicle# for
issuing ticket on unauthorized parking
1. Real time Db integrations (RTDB) call from
the frontend to the database
<Sensor> API interface 1. Book/release slot to indicate the availability of
the slot to the customer.
Calls Parkulus API :
Request - URL/reportStatus?parking_id = <
xxxx> & sensor_id = < yyyy > & event_time = <
time in ms > status=< book | release >
Response - {status : 200, acknowledgement :
true }
IoT REST API Interface
Copyright ©
2018 Parkulus

13. 12/6/201813 12/6/2018
Device Specs
Detection Speed <10s
Transmission <5s
Overall rate (end to end) <15 - 20s
Diameter 180mm
Height 30mm
Case Improved ABC
Working Temperature -20 degree to + 60 degree
Case Load bearing Capacity >10-15 tons
Waterproof IP68
Battery pack 10500 mAH 3.6 v lithium
Wifi Radio frequency 2.4 GHz
Wifi Deep Sleep current <10µA
Wifi wake up & Transmit <2ms
Standby Power Consumption <1.0mw
Screws
UltraSonic
Sensor
Top View
Side View
Antenna
Magnetic Sensor
Battery Pack
Data Port(for data analysis)
Main Micro Controller
Top View
(opened
Sensor)
UltraSonic Sensor
PCB(Printed Circuit board)
Device Specifications
Parking unit comprises of :
1. 3 sensors for accuracy and to cover all purposes :
A.Ultrasonic Sensor -For ceiling based parking occupancy detection.
B.Magnetic Sensor - Weather proof, detection of car irrespective of mud, snow or water on the
sensor. Preferred for street parking
C.Optical Sensor -For a cleaner environment like indoors. Also a low cost solution.
2. CPU with radio
3. Solar powered (B) Battery
Copyright ©
2018 Parkulus

14. 12/6/201814
IOTSlam 2018 Virtual Conference
Blockchain Aspects

15. 12/6/201815
Blockchain addresses underlying challenges
with visibility, digitization, shared process ,
data access and collaboration across a
distributed and fragmented ecosystem
• Shared ledger technology allows any participant in
the business network to see the system of record
(ledger) Ex : Lot Operator and Motorist
• Cryptographically Hashed and Linked Data where
each block is put one after another, forming a unique
data structure, or an immutable, irreversible chain
• Transaction Integrity via consensus, provenance,
immutability and finality
• Decentralization empowers citizens and service
providers to make smart decisions
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Copyright© 2018
Chainyard
Business terms embedded
in transaction database &
executed with transactions
All parties agree to network
verified transaction
Ensuring appropriate visibility;
transactions are secure,
authenticated & verifiable
Smart
contract
Shared
ledger
Permissions
Trust
Append-only distributed
system of record shared
across business network
BLOCKCHAIN FOR Smart Cities
KEY CONCEPTS

16. 12/6/201816
❖ Multi parking Garage or Transparent Lot
Management – Multi Tenancy
❖ Identity Management of Devices and other
Participants
❖ Reduction of disputes through trusted and
auditable transactions in the immutable ledger
❖ Tokenize the Parking Slots to enable dynamic
pricing and potential time-sharing model
❖ Opportunity for individuals to rent private
parking space
❖ Smart contracts to assist with dynamic pricing
to enable capacity utilization and maximizing
revenue
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The Blockchain Advantage
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2018 CHAINYARD@

17. 12/6/201817
❖ There are two types of potential Tokens
o Spot Tokens – These tokens are a
cryptographic digital equivalent of each
parking-spot. They represent a fractional
ownership of a parking garage.
o Spot-Utility Tokens – These tokens are a
cryptographic digital representation of each
spot’s potential parking bit i.e. 15 minute
parking tokens. They represent fractional
ownership of a parking time-slot
o State of each token can be persistent or
transient
o Investors can own spots and turn them into
revenue assets
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Tokenizing the Parking Lot
Copyright ©
2018 CHAINYARD©
SPOT-TK1 SPOT-TK2 SPOT-TK3 SPOT-TK4 SPOT-TK5
Tokenization of Smart City services decentralizes decision making, giving the
power to the citizens

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Smart City Intelligent Parking
I want to optimize
utilization and improve
capacity
Parking Lot
Operators
Payment
Processor
Vehicle
Operators
Parking Lot
Owner
ParkChain
Blockchain Network
I want to process
transactions in real-time
and make it easy to
provide refunds or
adjustments
I want to subscribe or
find a parking spot
with optimal location
& price
I want to ensure that I
maximize the revenue and
profitability of my real-
estate
I want to improve citizen
services, build capacity
through proper analysis
and reduce fines and tows
City
Copyright© 2018
Chainyard18
IoT Gateway
I want to help drivers
lock in spots, alert
violators and
accurately record
usage
We as citizens want to
vote on decisions that
influence our community

19. 12/6/201819
Choice of Blockchain Technology
❖ Permissioned Blockchain
Hyperledger based
• Hyperledger Fabric based network where all network participants have a membership to operate
on the network
Ethereum based or any other flavor
• Using Ethereum clients like Parity or Quorum, we can build a private blockchain network
❖ Public Blockchain
Build Publicly consumable smart contracts powered by crypto-currency, and all participants
must have an account on the network
Transactions will be powered by crypto, either using Ether or some other ERC20 compliant,
acceptable token whose value can be pegged to fiat currency
19
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2018 CHAINYARD©

20. 12/6/201820
System Architecture
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2018 CHAINYARD©
Transaction API
Query API
Transaction History
Endorsement
Policies
Member Services
Crypto Services
IoT Gateway Interface
Application
API
Blockchain
API
MONGOCache
IoT Farms
Enterprise Apps
End User Clients
JSON
JSON GRPC
Operations Monitoring Service ManagementGovernance
Public Services
Blockchain Services
Ledger Services Smart Contracts
MQ

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Blockchain Data Storage
Copyright ©
2018 CHAINYARD©
Payment
Transactions
IoT Device
Usage
Records
Parking Lot
Parking
Consumers
Network
Members
Certificates
& Keys
Collection Description
IoT Devices Identity Information about IOT devices in the ecosystem
Parking slot Parking slot information including the Parking Deck, lot
identifiers, owners, operators, pricing etc.
Parking
Consumers
Account information of the subscriber
Usage Records Accurate record of each usage including parking lot id,
subscriber, time-in, time-out, cryptographically signed
digest etc.
Network
Participants
Identity of other participants in the network such as
operator, owner etc.
Payment
Transactions
The record of credit card payments deducted or if using a
crypto blockchain, amount of crypto transferred etc.
Certificates and
Keys
Secure storing of X.509 Certificates and/or Public/Private
keys issued to members
Lot Tokens Tokens that digitize Lots and Lot-Capacity (Time slots)
Lot Tokens

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Parking Lot Management
lockParkingSpot
releaseParkingSpot
repriceParkingRate
processPayment
recordParkingUsage
rateParkingSpot
Queries
getSpotFromreqiestedLot
getListOfParkingLots
getClosestParkingSpot
getClosestParkingSpotByPrice
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Smart Contract APIs
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2018 CHAINYARD©
Identity Management
recordIoTDeviceIdentity
recordParkingLotDetails
recordSubscriberAccount
authenticateIoTDevice
authenticateDriver
Token Management
issueToken (tokenType)
transferToken
getBalance(tokenType)
payUsingToken
sendToken

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Mock UI within Parking App
Copyright ©
2018 CHAINYARD©

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Sample Analytics Dashboard
❖ The Parkulus Dashboard
displays analytics based on
Parking traffic
❖ The sample shows analytics
implemented for a major mall
operator
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2018 CHAINYARD©

25. 12/6/201825
In Summary
❖ Urbanization has resulted in increased stress on many public services
including traffic congestion and parking availability
❖ IoT can play a critical role in improving the efficiency and effectiveness
of public services especially in conjunction with AI/ML and blockchain
❖ Urban service tokenization can enable fractional ownership of services
by citizens and token- based payments for services
❖ Decentralization enables distribution of decision-making power to the
citizens, away from central authorities
❖ The blockchain brings trust and transparency to the services, ensuring
auditability of the services and transactions
❖ Successful implementation of smart parking significantly reduces the
economical and time costs associated with burgeoning urbanization
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2018 CHAINYARD©
A blockchain-enabled IoT
deployment can play a
powerful role in Smart City
ecosystem. Benefits of a
consortium can be realized
with capabilities extending
beyond today’s models

26. 26
Copyright © 2018
CHAINYARD™️
THANK YOU
Mohan Venkataraman, mohan@chainyard.com
Abhishek Mishra, Abhishek.Mishra@parkulus.com
Nikhil Polavarapu, Nikhil.Polavarapu@chainyard.com
www.chainyard.com www.parkulus.com