Water Resources, contamination, sampling, Quality testing

3. Quality control and checking Authorities
• EPA – All water
• FDA – bottled water
• Water available for drinking may include contaminants that pose no
health risk

5. Temperature
• The temp. determines the kind of species that can thrive in the water
• Thermal pollution leads to:
• Loss of oxygen from water ( molecules agitated, loose, allowing oxygen to
escape)
• fish population is affected

6. Dissolved Oxygen/BOD
• Measurement of oxygen present in water
• Chemical and biological processed use up oxygen
• Oxygen in water necessary for fish to thrive
• Water with low BOD is considered healthier for human consumption

7. pH
• Hydrogen concentration in water
• Affects how water reacts with different chemicals

9. TDS/TSS/Salinity
• Dissolved and suspended solids
• Suspended solids affect turbidity of water.
• Turbidity is the amount of haziness of water
• Dissolved solids impact BOD and chemical properties of the water
TSS
TDS

10. Kidney damage, nervous system damage, Mutations, tumors

12. Abiotic and Biotic
• Abiotic factors are the non-living components of an ecosystem
• SWATS - Soil, Water, Air , Temperature, Sunlight
• Climate
• Biotic factors are the living components of an ecosystem
• All living organisms

13. Why solids dissolve in water
• Hydrogen bonding in water allows many inorganic and organic
substances to dissolve in water
• Water molecules have a polar arrangement of hydrogen and oxygen
atoms allowing the charges on them to attract a multitude of other
compounds.
• Water contains both organic and inorganic as well as living and non-
living substances, not all of which are harmful.

15. Viruses vs bacteria
Virus Bacteria
Non-living living
smaller larger
Need host Don’t need host
Vaccines prevent viral
infection but don’t
eradicate the virus
Antibiotics eradicate
bacteria
Adenoviruses causing eye
infections
Polio, influenza
Salmonella typhi causing
typhoid fever

16. Other pathogens
• Protozoa ( giarda lamblia, cryptosporidium) Causing diarrhea
• Helminths (hookworms)

23. Sampling
• We take only a portion of water that represents in bulk the properties
of the entire water body.
• Saves money, time, energy and human effort.

24. Sample types
• Representative: represents properties of the constituents present in
water in bulk amount.
• Grab: Sample taken at any time and at any point within the water
body.
• Composite: Grab samples mixed to produce a representative sample

25. Analytical protocol
• Sample collection
• Storage and presentation
• Preliminary treatment (drying,sieving,filteration)
• Volumetric or weighing dilution (to prevent instabilities)
• Sample extraction or digestion
• Tests – chromatography or spectroscopy
• Reporting results

26. Distribution of contaminants
Distribution type Description
Random Scattered
Uniform Homogenous distribution across entire
body
Stratified Layered distribution
Patchy Scattered concentrations

27. Sampling approaches
Approach Description
Judgemental Based on personal knowledge or
experience or on preliminary test results
or visual inspection
Random Samples collected randomly assuming
distribution is homogenous
Stratified Random Sampling area divided into non-
overlapping areas of homogeneous
distribution (temporal or spatial)
Systematic Dividing sampling area into square or
triangular grid and taking samples at
nodes of each unit or at the same
location within each unit.

29. 2

31. Factors affecting transpiration and
evaporation
• Temperature
• Wind speed
• Humidity
• Solar radiation

32. Transpiration measurement
• Phytometer
• A hermetically sealed vessel potted with certain plants
• Weight measurements determine a plant’s need for water
• Cannot simulate natural conditions

33. Zone of aeration and saturation
• Aeration: (vadose)
• Contains small amounts of moisture. Acts as a zone of transmission rather
than storage.
• Gravity water, capillary water and hygroscopic moisture (water held by strong
molecular forces)
• Mositure cannot be tapped as a water supply source
• Saturation: (phreatic)
• Pore spaces filled with water called groundwater
• Aquifer is a stratum consisting of a substantial amount of groundwater.
• Water table or phreatic zone serves as the interface between the two zones

46. Pumps types
1. Rotodynamic:
1. Radial flow (Centrifugal)
2. Axial flow(Propeller)
3. Mixed flow(Centrifugal)
2. Displacement:
1. Reciprocating (piston)
2. Rotary (Cams or gears)
Others: Jet , airlift, diaphragm pumps

47. A negative
static suction
head is
Sometimes
called suction
lift

49. Sewers
• Shambles , Meat packing , waste dumped in streets
• Storm sewers arose
• Sanitary waste = domestic wastewater
• Combined sewers
• Sanitary sewers
• Collecting sewers collect wastewater from households
• Intercepting sewers or interceptors drain wastewater from collecting
sewers and allow this wastewater to flow to treatment plants

50. Infiltration and inflow
• Groundwater enters sanitary sewers is infiltration
• Inflow is storm water enters sanitary sewers , Unintentional
collection.

51. • Flows of
importance:
• Peak
• Min
• Average

53. Manholes
• Need to be provided
at:
• Grade changes
• Intersections of
pipes or sewers
• A distance of 400 to
600 ft apart