The document discusses various machineries commonly used in buildings, including lifts, escalators, conveyors, concrete vibrators, concrete mixers, and pumps. It describes the basic working principles and components of traction and hydraulic lifts. Escalators are defined as moving staircases used to transport people between floors. Concrete vibrators are used to remove air bubbles in concrete before it hardens. Batch and continuous concrete mixers are compared.

1. Building services and repairs
Module 1: Machineries in the buildings

2.  What are Building services?
 The features which provide comfort and safety to it’s
occupants
 Most common building services are
 Lighting
 Acoustics
 Power supply
 Mechanical systems
 Lifts and Escalators
 Plumbing systems
 Fire protection
 HVAC (Heat Ventilation and Air conditioning)
Introduction

3. Module – 1 - Machineries
 What is a Machine?
 An apparatus which uses mechanical power to perform
various tasks and help in reducing human efforts
 Examples
 Lifts
 Escalators
 Hot water boilers
 Pumps
 Generators

4. Module – 1 - Machineries
 And some more machines commonly used during
construction of buildings,
 Concrete mixers
 DC/AC motors
 Concrete vibrators
 Conveyors

5. Machineries
 Lifts :
 The lift is a type of vertical
transport equipment that
moves people or goods
between floors (levels,
decks) of a building and
other structures.
 The necessity of lifts in
multi storied buildings has
been so well recognized
that no multi storied
building is planned without

6. Machineries
 Lifts :
 As per the National
Building Code (NBC) every
building having height
more than 13 meters
needs to have a Lift with
minimum capacity of
carrying six persons
 The lifts are generally
powered by electric motors
that either drive cables or
pump hydraulic fluid to

7. Machineries
 Classification of Lifts
1. As per their drive system
2. As per their use

9. Machineries
 Traction Lifts / Machine Lifts – Basic Terminology

10. Machineries
1. Traction Lifts / Machine Lifts – Basic Terminology

11. Counterweight
Arpit S Vyas - TCET Mumbai

12. Machineries
1. Traction Lifts / Machine Lifts – Working
Principle
1. These lifts work on the principle of see-
saw
2. The car is raised and lowered by traction
steel ropes.
3. The ropes are attached to the elevator
car, looped around a sheave & connected
to an electric motor.
4. When the motor turns one way, the
sheave raises the elevator; when the
motor turns the other way, the sheave
lowers the elevator.
5. Typically, the sheave, the motor and the
control system are all housed in a
machine room above the elevator shaft.

13. Machineries
7.The counterweight and
the car are perfectly
balanced.
8.Hence, the motor only
has to overcome friction,
the weight on the other
side does most of the
work.

14. Major components
• Control system – Controller chip based unit,
which works as a brain of the lift. It converts
signal input generated by pressing of buttons
into instructions to the motor, brakes, door
opening mechanism and ARD ( Automatic
Rescue Device)
• Electric motor – Drives the sheave in
clockwise and anti-clockwise directions.
• Sheave – It’s a pulley with a grooves around
the circumference which grips the hoist ropes,
so when you rotate the sheave, the ropes
move too.
• Counter weight – Hangs on the other side of
sheave, it weighs about the same as the car
filled to 40% capacity
• Guide rails – Are fixed along the sides of
the elevator shaft. They keep the car and
counterweight from swaying back and
forth. They also work with the safety
system to stop the car in an emergency.

15. Machineries
6. Automatic Rescue Device (ARD) –The A R D
equipment operates automatically upon occurrence of a
power failure. It drives the hoist gear motor and brings
the car to the nearest floor and opens the automatic
doors and provides the passengers a safe exit from lift.

16. Machineries
 Special features in Lifts for physically handicapped
and elderly
 Wherever lift is required as per bye-laws, provision of at
least one lift shall be made for the wheel chair user with
the following cage dimensions,
 Clear internal depth : 1100 mm
 Clear internal width : 2000 mm
 Entrance door width : 900 mm

17. Machineries
 Special features in Lifts for physically handicapped and
elderly
 A hand rail at least 600 mm long and at 800-1000 mm above
floor level shall be fixed adjacent to the control panel.
 The lift lobby shall be of an inside measurement of 1800 x 1800
mm or more.
 The time of an automatically closing door should or minimum 5
seconds and the closing speed should not exceed 0.25 M/ Sec.
 The interior of the cage shall be provided with a device that
audibly indicates the floor the cage has reached and indicates

18. Machineries
 Special features in Lifts for physically handicapped and
elderly
 Control Buttons – The centre of all buttons shall be positioned
between 900 mm to 1200 mm from the floor
 A telephone shall be installed to enable communication during a
breakdown
 Buzzer or Warning alarm shall be installed to draw attention to an
emergency situation

19. Machineries
2. Hydraulic Lifts – Working principle
 These lifts work on the “Pascal's Principle” which
states that the pressure given to liquid in closed
chamber will be transmitted by the liquid in every
direction with uniform and the same magnitude

20. Machineries
2. Hydraulic Lifts – Components
 These lifts have five major components
1. Tank - Holds the liquid used in the system, This liquid is
usually oil based because they are Non compressible and
have Self lubricating action.
2. Motor - Pushes oil into the cylinder to lift the elevator car.
3. Valve – Controls the pressure, when it is open it reduces
pressure on oil which lowers the lift car and when it is closed
the pressure increases which raises the lift car.
4. Actuator / Hydraulic cylinders – a hydraulic cylinder can
provide controlled precise linear displacement of the piston to
raise and lower the lift car
5. Automatic Rescue Device (ARD) –The A R D equipment
operates automatically upon occurrence of a power failure. It
drives the hoist gear motor and brings the car to the nearest

21. Machineries
 Difference between Traction and Hydraulic Lifts
Traction (Machine) Lifts Hydraulic Lifts
Lifted by ropes, which pass over a
Wheel attached to an electric motor
Above the elevator shaft.
Supported by a piston at the bottom
of
The elevator that pushes the
elevator up
As an electric motor forces oil or
Another hydraulic fluid into the
piston.
Used for mid and high-rise
applications. Has much higher travel
speed than Hydraulic.
Used for low-rise applications of 2-8
Stories.
Principle : Counterweight and friction Principle : Pascal’s pressure
principle
Components : control system,
sheave,
motor, counterweight, guiding rail.
Components : tank, motor, valve,
actuator.

22. Classification based upon use

23. Machineries
1. Passenger lifts - Passenger elevator is designed to move
people between floors of a building. Their capacity is related
to available floor space. Up to 8-10 floors these operate at
1m/s and above 10 floors the speed ranges from 2.5 m/s to
10 m/s.
2. Goods/Freight lifts - Used to transport heavy goods but
depends on types of good transported. Usually used in
shopping complex, airports, hotels, warehouse.
3. Vehicle lifts - Used specifically to lift a car in multi storey car
park or in car showrooms. They can be in the form of traction
and hydraulic lifts. Traction is more commonly used when

24. Machineries
4. Dumbwaiter lifts - Dumbwaiters are small freight
elevators that are intended to carry food, laundry rather
than passengers. They are often installed in restaurants,
schools, kindergartens, hospitals, retirement homes or in
private homes, the lifts generally terminate in a kitchen.
Avg. height of the car ranges from 0.8m to 1.2m

25. Machineries
5. Scissor lifts - these lifts are self-contained, they can be
easily moved to where they are needed, they’re excellent
for indoor and outdoor construction, maintenance and
installation applications.

26. Machineries
 Escalator
 A moving staircase – a conveyor transport device for carrying
people between floors of a building.
 They consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked
steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the step
treads to remain horizontal.
 They are used to move pedestrian traffic in places where
elevators would be impractical, e.g. shopping malls, airports,
convention centres

27. Machineries
 The core of an escalator is a pair
of chains, looped around two pairs
of gears & an electric motor runs
it.
 The motor and chain system are
housed inside the truss, a metal
structure extending between two
floors.
 As the chains move, the steps
always stay level.
 At the top and bottom of the
escalator, the steps collapse on
each other, creating a flat
platform. This makes it easier to

28. Machineries
 The electric motor also moves the
handrail, a rubber conveyer belt,
moves at exactly the same speed
as the steps, to give riders some
stability
 Each step has two sets of wheels,
which roll along two separate
tracks.
 The upper set (the wheels near the
top of the step) are connected to
the rotating chains.
 The other set simply glides,
following behind the first set.
 Each step has a series of grooves

29. Machineries
Lifts (Elevators) Escalators
Contains closed cabins inside
vertical shafts that are used to
transport people between
different floors in high rise buildings.
Moving stairways that allow people to
move between floors in busy places
such as shopping malls, airports, and
railway stations.
Lifts are fast and can move up or
down at great speeds, ideal for
vertical movement.
These are slow moving ideal for
horizontal &
incline movement.
Move up or down using
counterweights or traction cables.
The steps of are fixed and linked
together and move on a conveyor belt
that is driven by a motor
It has a waiting period for the users
as it can accommodate Limited
number of people at a time.
There is no waiting period as one can
set foot anytime to climb up or come
down
If there is electricity cut-out then it
doesn’t work.
Its very versatile, if there is electric cut-
out then one can climb those steps,
which acts like a staircase

30.  Conveyors - Conveyors are mechanical devices or
assemblies used to move items or packages with minimal effort.
 A conveyor belt is the carrying medium of a belt conveyor
system
 A belt conveyor system consists of two or
more pulleys (sometimes referred to as drums), with an endless
loop of conveyor belt that rotates about them.
 One or both of the pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the
material on the belt forward.
 The powered pulley is called the drive pulley while the
Machineries

31.  Conveyors – Belt conveyors were first invented in 19th
century to handle materials like coal and ores in mines, apart
from belt conveyors following are the most commonly used
variations of Conveyor
Apron Ball Transfer
Machineries

32. Machineries
Belt
Convey
or
Beltless
Magnetic Conveyor

33. Machineries
Bucket
Conveyor
Drag/Chain/Tow
Conveyor

34. Machineries
Overhead Conveyor
Powered Roller Conveyor

35. Machineries
Screw Conveyor

36.  Concrete Vibrators - A concrete vibrator is a construction
tool typically used on concrete pouring sites.
These machines and an assortment of attachments are
designed for multiple applications. The vibrators are used to
ensure that the concrete pour is free of air bubbles and concrete
mass is homogenous before it starts hardening so that the
concrete remains strong and has a smooth finish even after
removal of the form work.
Machineries

37.  Concrete Vibrators – To generate vibrating action a
typical concrete vibrator utilizes an off-center weight that spins
at 10000 times a minute, this arrangement is encased in thick
rubber tube having a metallic head at the free end.
 The proper use of a concrete vibrator would require some form
of training.
 The head should be slowly lowered and pulled out gradually to
avoid the formation of an air pocket in the pour.
 The tool should also never be dragged through a pour. This will
leave a groove in the concrete behind it.
Machineries

38.  Concrete Vibrators –
 Concrete vibrator shall never be inserted for more than 30
seconds in one place.
 Excess vibration can cause the coarse aggregate to settle at the
bottom which then makes the concrete weaker.
 Excess vibration can also push aggregate away from the area
that is being shaken. This causes the weaker concrete paste to
fill the area. This again may result in instability
Machineries

39.  Concrete Vibrators –
 If it is being used correctly, the operator will be able to see large
bubbles floating towards the surface of the concrete pour. A
layer of mortar will also appear on the surface. This is to
indicate that the concrete is mixed evenly and is unlikely to have
honeycombing and air pockets.
Machineries

40.  Concrete Mixers – A concrete mixer is a device that
homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or
gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer
uses a revolving drum to mix the components
Machineries
Concrete
Mixers
1 - Batch
Mixer
1.1 - Drum
Mixer
1.1.1 - Tilting
Drum
1.1.2 –
Non tilting / Reversing
Drum
1.2 - Pan
Mixer
2 - Continuous
Mixer

41. 1. Batch Mixer – They produce concrete batch by batch with
time interval, they are most commonly used. They are easy to
operate and maintain as compared to continuous type mixers.
As each manufacturer offers different features in their mixers,
most important parameter to be considered while purchasing
is it’s batch capacity.
 Batch mixers are of two types
1.1 – Drum Mixers
1.2 – Pan Mixers
Machineries

42. 1.1 – Drum Mixers – In these concrete is mixed by rotating
the drum containing fixed blades, the motion of drum and
obstruction provided by fixed blades causes the mixing. They
are further divided into three types.
1.1.1 - Tilting Drum
1.1.2 – Non-tilting or Reversing Drum
Machineries

43. Machineries
1.1.1 - Tilting
Drum
They are most suitable for
concrete with large sized
aggregate and, since they
have a rapid discharge rate,
are suitable for low
workability concrete.
Internal blades lift and tumble
the ingredients onto itself.
1.1.2 – Non-
tilting or
Reversing
Drum
It rotates in one direction for
mixing and in the reverse
direction for discharge. One
set of blades exists for each
operation. They provide
efficient mixing with very little
build up within the mixer. Are
suitable with dry
concrete mixes.

44. 1.2 – Pan Mixers – A pan mixer has blades that are fixed to
an assembly that agitates the concrete throughout the pan as
the vertical shaft rotates.
the mixing is efficient and concrete mixture is collected
through an opening provided at the base of the pan. It also
contains special blades called scrapper blades which does not
let concrete stick to the pan.
Machineries

45. 2. Continuous Mixer – As the name suggests the
operations of loading, mixing and discharging of mix is
continuously done until the work is complete or
break/maintenance occurs.
The loading of materials is done continuously by screw
feeders. These mixers are most suitable when large quantities
of mass concrete are required for projects like Dams, Raft
foundations, retaining walls and other mass concrete filling
Machineries

46.  Batch Mixers VS. Continuous Mixers
 The feeding, mixing and discharging processes of batch
mixers go on at a certain time interval means that it produces
concrete one batch at a time. Owing to the materials need to
be mixed are weighing precisely in advance, its mixing effect
is better. Hence, most of engineering projects adopt this
mixing principle.
 The feeding, mixing and discharging processes of continuous
mixers go on in a longer mixing drum continuously. Its
productivity is higher than batch mixers, but because its
material proportions and mixing time are difficult to control, its
mixing effect is worse. Therefore, it has fewer applications
Machineries

47.  Motors : The function of a motor is to convert
electrical energy into mechanical energy.
 There are two categories of motors:
 AC motors
 DC motors
Machineries

48.  What is AC? – This type of current changes direction of
charge periodically. In AC current the flow changes
direction 120 times in a second.
 What is DC? – In this type of current the flow is
“Unidirectional”
Machineries

49.  What is DC motor?
 A motor that is capable of converting DC energy into mechanical
energy
 DC motor is composed of two major components: stator and rotor.
 The part of the DC motor that remains stationary when the motor is
running is called as a stator, the function of a stator is to produce
magnetic field.
 The part of the DC motor that is in motion is called a rotor, and its
main role is to produce electromagnetic torque, it is the DC motor’s
hub for energy conversion, which is why it is also called the
armature.
Machineries

50.  What is an AC motor?
 AC motor is used to implement the AC power and mechanical
energy conversion.
 In an AC Motor, an alternating current passes through the
electromagnets which creates a magnetic field. Stator consist of
the electromagnets. Since AC magnetic field changes direction
constantly. The interaction between the electromagnets and the
magnetic field makes the motor to rotate.
Machineries

51.  What is an AC motor?
 AC motor also contains a "stator" and a "rotor" as shown in
Figure 8. The stator consists of a group of individual electro-
magnets arranged in such a way that they form a hollow
cylinder, with one pole of each magnet facing toward the center
of the group. The rotor also consists of a group of electro-
magnets arranged around a cylinder, with the poles facing
toward the stator poles. Since unlike magnetic poles attract
each other and like poles repel, On applying AC current to
Stator the polarity of the stator poles change in such a way that
their combined magnetic field will induce rotation in the rotor
shaft
Machineries

52.  Advantages of AC motors
 Low power demand on start
 Controlled acceleration
 Adjustable operational speed
 Controlled starting current
 Adjustable torque limit
 Reduced power line disturbances
 Advantages of DC motors
 Easy installation
 Speed control over a wide range
 Quick Starting, Stopping, Reversing and Acceleration
 High Starting Torque
 Linear speed-torque curve
Machineries

53.  Application of Motors for Construction Equipment
 DC motors
 Drive motors of Lifts
 Concrete vibrator motors
 HVAC blower motors
 Concrete Pump motors
 Truck and Trailer’s lift motors
 AC motors
 Drive motors of Escalators
 Motor of Water pumps
 Motors of Hydraulic lifts
Machineries

54.  Generators
 An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical
energy obtained from an external source into electrical energy
as the output.
 A generator has two main parts
 Coil
 Magnet
Machineries

55.  Generators
 Generator works on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction. When coil is rotated in a magnetic field by some
mechanical means magnetic flux is changed through the
coil and consequently EMF is induced in the coil.
Machineries

56.  Generators used In Construction Industry
 Commonly used generators are engine generators. They
are also known as Gensets. They use an engine, which
provides mechanical energy by use of chemical energy
provided by fuels like Diesel, Petrol, Propane and Natural
gas.
 They can further be classified into 3 main types.
 Standby Generators
 Portable Generators
 Commercial Generators
Machineries

57.  Generators used In Construction Industry
 Standby Generators
 These are large in size and often permanent units
stationed outside a building and to provide backup power
in case the electricity switches off.
 They can sense when a power interruption has occurred
and automatically start to provide emergency power
Machineries

58.  Generators used In Construction Industry
 Portable Generators
 These generators are designed to be transported
conveniently where there is no utility of power.
Machineries

59.  Generators used In Construction Industry
 Commercial Generators
 In areas where power supply is intermittent or lacking
these generators can be set up to provide additional power.
Machineries

60.  Generators used In Construction Industry
 Commercial Generators
 In areas where power supply is intermittent or lacking
these generators can be set up to provide additional power.
Machineries

61.  Hot water boilers – Electric and Gas operated
Machineries

62.  Hot water boilers – Solar (Thermosiphon)
 A thermosiphon solar water heater is composed of a tank
(accumulator) and a solar collector which is connected to
the tank.
 The transfer between tank and collector is governed by
gravity (hot water’s density is lower than cold water
density). Instead of a pump, the pressure differential
between hot and cold fluid is used as propulsion energy.
This is the “thermosiphon principle”.
Machineries

63.  Hot water boilers – Solar (Thermosiphon)
 In order to operate, the collector (heat generator) must be
located below the tank.
 The heat transfer medium is heated inside the solar
collector. The hot liquid in the collector is lighter than the
cold liquid in the tank. As soon as the lighter hot liquid
rises, gravity circulation starts.
 Inside the cylinder, the heated medium transfers its heat to
the stored water and then, once cooled it falls back to the
lowest point in the collector circuit
Machineries