1. .
┤ E s t i m a t i o n o f 2 0 1 3

2. 
Who are the
disputed parties
over the land?

3. 
 Polisario Front: -Ribal national liberation
movment wich stands for « Popular Front for the
Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Río de Oro”
-politico-military organization
-its purpose is to win independence for this territory
(sahara).
-According to Britannica, the PF is composed of the
indigenous nomadic inhabitants of the Western Sahara
region, the Saharawis?? I think they mixed !
- Founded in May 1973 and many sources claim that
the PF is a successor of 1950s and 1960s organization
Movimiento para la Liberación del Sahara, of the city
of Villa Cisneros. Since 1979, it has been recognized by
the United Nations as the representative of the people
of Western Sahara.
1:Polisario Front

4. 
 Morocco: kingdom; Unitary parliamentary constitutional
hereditary monarchy under the Alaouite Dynasty ( since1666).
During the Alaouit dynasty, Moulay Ismail was the first sherifian
ruler of Morocco and the ruler who reunited Morocco after some
great tribal conflicts of the time.
-our purpose is to keep the Sahara because it is ours.
2: Morocco

5. 
It is in the Alaouite
Dynasty that the issue of
teh Sahara started, but the
19 centuries

6. 
By Hassan 1 reign that the conflict was
somehow inaugurated

7. 
How it all started?It all goes back to 19 centuries when the
Eurorean
Powers started to colonize different parts of
Africa
The colonization of Africa was regulated in
order to separate the
African continent in order to avoid conflicts
between western colonizers
Berlin Conference 1884, was set to separate the
African continent between the
European colonizers
By 1940 within Mohammed V reign, 90% of
Africa was under the European contol.
-The majority went to the British and the French
colonizers
And the western sahara went to the Spanish
power and it was known at the time as
« Spanish Sahara »
Five years later in 1945, the ending of ww2 and
the creation of the UN, then the UN maintained
To settle international peace and promote
human rights. As in the UN charter, chapter n°
73 the UN is against
colonialism

8. 
Through 1960, the UN made an effort to decolonize the African
continent, through the resolution of 1514 « declaration on the
granting of independence to countries and people » G.A 14
december 1960
Back to 1956 when gaining the Moroccan independence frmo the
Spain and France. Imidiatly afetr independence, Morocco claimed
that teh western sahara was part of the precolonial Morocco and
Morocco that is rightful to own the territory.
1. And here is another ghost: one year later in 1957, Mauritanians
claim that the Sahara was theirs. Which was theree years
before getting the independence from France.
2. In 1973, the Polisario Front established to end the Spannish
colonization role in teh western sahara and seek for the
independence of Sahraoui people.
At this point, western sahara was disputed under 4 parts:

9. 
~~Morocco, Mauritania, spain and Polisario Front~~
The referendom was the only solution to end the conflict to end
the conflict and define the Sahara.
Spain agreed to make the referendom, while Morocco requested a
hearing from the international court of justice

10. 
 Extract from www.moroccoworldnews.com
 When the International Court of Justice at The Hague declared its
support for Morocco’s claim and recognized Morocco’s rights in the
Sahara, stressing that legal ties and a deep-rooted allegiance had
always existed between the Moroccan throne and the Sahrawi
people, His Majesty the late Hassan II announced the organization
of the Green March, on Oct. 16, 1975, to retrieve the Moroccan
southern provinces from Spanish colonialism.
 “Tomorrow, God willing, you will pierce the border. Tomorrow,
God willing, the Green March will be launched. Tomorrow, God
willing, you will step on a part of your territory, touch the sand of
your Sahara, and kiss the soil of your beloved nation,” said the King
in an address to Moroccans who had volunteered to participate in
the march on November 5, 1975.” king Hassan 2
 Afterward, about 350,000 Moroccans, women and men, headed
toward the Sahara, and met in Tarfaia.
 However, the Polisario reacted and led to a 16 years war.

11. 
In 1991. there was an accord in Madrid called « Madrid Accord »
beween each of Morocco, spain and Mauritania to end the
presence of Spain in teh Sahara.
In 1976, Polisario front resistance grew up and they proclaimed :
The sahraoui Arab Democratic Republic
After Spain comes Mauritania leaving its
Part to Polisario in 1979 by signing a peace
treaty ……………….till the moment, the issue still runing.
http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/?s=sahara+conflict+
Consult that website : very important

12. 
 In 2006 the Moroccan Royal Advisory Council for Saharan
Affairs (CORCAS) has proposed a plan for the autonomy of Western
Sahara and made visits to a number of countries to explain the
proposal.
 In a 2007 letter to President Bush, 173 members of US congress
endorsed the plan.
 In a letter to President Obama in 2009, 233 US congress endorsed the
plan.
 In 2010, a letter to Secretary of State Clinton, backing the Moroccan
plan for autonomy, was signed by 54 Senators.
 ==This initiative constitutes the main ground for the Moroccan
proposal at Manhasset negotiations.
 The ivorian president and the Argentinien prime linister supported
the proposal of the autonomy of teh sahara lately in 2015
Who endorsed the plan : the sahara autonomy
proposal?

14. 