Global Media Studies in Global Media and Communication

1. Global Media Studies
Xu Xiaoge

2. Defining Globalization
Globalization:
• Social Process
• Consequences
• Extended Modernity
• New phase of imperialism

3. Defining Globalization
Globalization:
• Cultural Homogenization
• Synthesis of New Cultures
• Commonality of Cultures
• Hybridity of Cultures

4. Defining Globalization
Globalization:
• The global, localized
• The local, globalized
• Glocalization
• Global, Hybrid and multiple

5. Global Media and Globalization
Primary Agent
• Cultural Globalization
• Transnational media: profits
• Public/State media: influence

6. Global Studies
Major concerns
• Network society
• Transnationalization
• Cosmopolitanization
• Information/entertainment
Sources: global, transnational,
regional, national, local

7. Global Media
Global vs. Nationalistic
• Ownership
• Production
• Distribution
• Content
• Reception

8. Global Media
Capital and Cultural Products
• Crisscross/Align
• From different countries
• Loci of global media
• Evolution of global culture
• Dualistic

9. Global Media
The Global vs. Reception
• Cultural boundaries shifting
• Reference points shifting
• Contextual change
• Audience decode content

10. Global Media Studies
Dialectical Perspective
• Global vs. Local
• Universal vs. Particular
• Unified vs. Diversified
• Singularity vs. Hybridity
• Survival vs. Dominance

11. Global Media
Key Players
• Media conglomerates
• Ogliopolists
• Book publishing
• Recorded music
• Film production
• UN, UNECSO, ITU, NAM

12. Global Media
Key Issues
• NWICO
• Media imperialism
• Cultural imperialism
• Global news flow
• West domination

13. Theoretical Issues
Key Concepts
• Nation-States
• Nations/States
• Cultural/Language
• Identities/Territories
• Global news flow
• West domination

14. Theoretical Issues
Key Concepts
• Political citizenship
• Cultural citizenship
• Dual citizenship
• Multiple affiliations
• Crossing nation/states

15. Theoretical Issues
Key Concepts
• Global mediation
• Connectivity
• Power
• Impact
• Multi-Process

16. Theoretical Issues
Unit of Analysis
• Nation-States
• Places
• Regions
• Cities/other sites
• Inside/Across borders

17. Theoretical Issues
Unit of Analysis
• Nation-States
• Places/Regions
• Cities/other sites
• Minorities/Diaspora
• Inside/Across borders

18. Media Conglomeration
Social/Public Sphere
• Homogenization of media
• Threat to democracy
Economic/Market
• Minimize monopoly
• Scale/scope economies

19. Media Conglomeration
• TV Privatization
• Deregulation of media ownership
• Increasing parallel lifestyles
• Saturating Demands
• Advance of New Comm Tech

20. Media Diversification
• Product Diversification
• Geographic Diversification
• Interrelationship:
• Geographic Diversifications
• Product Diversifications

21. Media Diversification
• Relatedness
• Complementary resource alignment

22. Media Diversification
Measuring:
• Direction (broad/narrow spectrum)
• Extent
• Mode (merger and acquisition)
• Relatedness

25. Media Diversification
Further Studies:
• Longitudinal
• Strategy and Performance
• Content and Distribution
• Product and Geographic
• Determinants
• Impact

26. Media Systems
Key Questions:
• What differences/Similarities
• Why different/similar

32. Studies of Media Differences
Media Market Political Professionalizatio
State Intervention
Development Parallelism n
Monitor Facilitate Reform Collaborate
Opportunist Critical Populist Detached
Dimensions Facilitator Change Agent Disseminator Watchdog
Freedom Independence Responsibility Accountability
Structural
Access Participation Plurality
Conditions

33. Media Systems
Key Methods:
• Mapping
• Measuring
• Modeling

34. Media Differences:
Labeling or Measuring?

35. Proposed by Xu Xiaoge, 2009

36. Situation-Driven Prioritization
Proposed by Xu Xiaoge, 2010

37. Mapping, Measuring and
Modeling Media Differences
Initiated by Xu Xiaoge, 2010

38. Mapping Media Differences
1 2 3 4 5
Independence Transparency Responsibility Media Honesty Public Trust
6 7 8 9 10
Freedom Plurality Accountability Media Fairness Public Interest

39. Indicators of Media Differences
• Independence for News Media
• The extent of staying autonomous,
independent and detached from state,
power or any other social or political forces
in news media operation

40. Indicators of Media Differences
• Freedom for News Media
• The extent of staying free to report or free
from any external interference in news
communication

41. Indicators of Media Differences
• Transparency for news media
• The extent of staying transparent in media
operations, including many, often
competing, sources of information, openness in the
method of information delivery and the funding of
media production, open source
documentation, open meetings, financial disclosure
statements, the freedom of information
legislation, budgetary review, audit, peer
review, etc.

42. Indicators of Media Differences
• Plurality of News Media
• The extent of being plural in providing
content, services and media outlets

43. Indicators of Media Differences
• Responsibility of News Media
• The level of news media's being both
responsible for the consequences of their
news communication and responsive to the
needs and expectations of the public

44. Indicators of Media Differences
• Accountability of News Media
• The extent of news media of staying
accountable of their news operations and
communication to the public they serve or
being able to justify their actions or
decisions in news communication

45. Indicators of Media Differences
• Media Fairness
• The level of staying fair and impartial in
news communication, with different voices
and opinions being fairly reported

46. Indicators of Media Differences
• Media Honesty
• The level of staying honest in obtaining and
conveying information in news
communication

47. Indicators of Media Differences
• Public Trust
• The level of public trust that news media
enjoy

48. Indicators of Media Differences
• Public Interest
• The extent of the pubic interest that news
media serve

49. Measuring Media Differences
Normative and Empirical Indicators
Normative Empirical
0-100 0-100
0 not (independent/free/transparent...) at all .................100 most
(independent/free/transparent...)

50. Measuring Normative Differences
Media Media
Survey Media Users
Practitioners Regulators
Normative
Media
Media Ethics Media Policies
Content Analysis Regulations
Normative Difference = 100 - scores obtained from survey/content analysis

51. Measuring Empirical Differences
Media Media
Survey Media Users
Practitioners Regulators
Empirical
Content Analysis Routine Stories Major Stories Sensitive Stories
Empirical Difference = 100 - scores obtained from survey/content analysis

52. Measuring Media Differences
Media Difference Index
Normative Difference Index 100 - scores obtained
Empirical Difference Index 100 - scores obtained
Press Difference Index Normative - Empirical

53. Modeling Media Differences: Shapers

54. Shapers of Media Differences
External Shapers
1 Political Environment
2 Social Environment
3 Economic Environment
4 Cultural Environment
5 Technological Environment

55. Shapers of Media Differences
Internal Shapers
1 Media Type
2 Media Ownership
3 Media Concentration
4 Media Location
5 Audience Size

56. Media Differences/Shapers
Media
Differences
Internal
Shapers
External
Shapers

57. Modeling Media Differences
Media Difference Index: biggest .......smallest
Biggest Difference Biggest Difference Biggest Difference
Worst Environment Medium Environment Best Environment
Medium Difference Medium Difference Medium Difference
Worst Environment Medium Environment Best Environment
Smallest Difference Smallest Difference Smallest Difference
Worst Environment Medium Environment Best Environment
Environment Index: worst ...... best
Proposed by Xu Xiaoge, 2011

58. Media Differences Model
100
100
Media Difference Index
0 Environment Index 100