Hogan's History- The Road to Revolution

A Dispute Over Land
Beginning in 1689, Great Britain and France fought a series of wars for
control of European and colonial trade. The main cause was the British were
pushing west into the Ohio Valley which was claimed by the French. English
Colonists viewed the French and their Indian allies as preventing them from
the rich and fertile soil of the Ohio Valley.
In 1753, the French began building
a line of forts on land in the Ohio
River Valley. The French forts were
built in what is now western
Pennsylvania. The French wanted
to protect their land from the
British.
The Ohio Valley

French & Indian War (1754-1763)
The last of a series of wars fought between Great Britain and France for
control of European and colonial trade. The war began in North America as
a result of on-going British-American expansion into the Ohio River Valley.
The French persuaded their Indian allies to join them in preventing further
settlement in the region west of the Appalachian Mountains. Great Britain
eventually won the war.
The French & Indian War will be
known in Europe as the “Seven
Years War.”

Show Me the Money! The Art of Scalping
Everybody thinks that the art of scalping was an Indian concept. In fact, it
was taught to the Native Americans by the Europeans.
The French would pay the Indians to kill the English. And likewise, the
English would pay the Indians to kill the French. To collect the bounty one
would have to produce the body as evidence. Since the body would be too
cumbersome to drag around, it was much more confident to just show the
scalp in order to collect the bounty. Hundreds of people, including women
and children would lose their hair.

Washington’s Ohio Valley Mission (May 1754)
George Washington, a colonial officer, was sent by the Virginia royal
governor to look for a location to build an English fort in the Ohio Valley.
Washington’s Iroquois scouts came across a group of French trappers and
soldiers who they massacred in front of Washington’s eyes.
Word spread quickly and several French and their Indian allies pursued
Washington and forced him to surrender after he lost 1/3 of his men. They
allowed to Washington leave with a warning to never come back. In effect,
Washington Unintentionally started a world war.
The French discover the bodies of their comrades. Washington's Indian scouts
had murdered a French officer. Deemed an act of war, the French had to
respond. Washington had unintentionally started the French and Indian War.
Washington was pursued and forced to
surrender with a stern warning.

A Bad Start: The Braddock Massacre
Braddock's expedition during the summer of 1755 goal was to capture a
French fort called Fort Duquesne (modern-day Pittsburgh,) then to push on
and capture a series of other French forts in the Ohio Valley.
George Washington who knew the territory and served as a volunteer aide-de-camp to
General Braddock advised him on how the French and Indians conduct their style of
warfare. Braddock was confident that his army could easily defeat any French or
Indians they may encounter.
I have little respect for the French
and Indians who want to fight like
cowards. Real gentlemen know
that a war should be fought like
those in Europe where everybody
would meet and fight on an open
field with honor. In fact, I forbid
Washington and his colonial
militia with me from fighting the
coward’s way.
The Indians
watched
Braddock’s
every
move…
waiting for
the right time
to set up an
ambush.

A Bad Start: The Braddock Massacre (Cont.’)
Braddock’s army was ambushed by a large group of French and their Indian
allies who fought guerilla-style, firing on the British has they marched through
the woods. Of the 2,100 men with Braddock over 900 were killed or wounded,
including Braddock who was mortally wounded.
George Washington and the survivors retreated.
Braddock's defeat was a major setback for the British in the
early stages of the war with France. At first hesitant, the
Indians are convinced to join the ranks of the French
After Braddock died on the field, Washington ordered that his
body be buried and marched over with men and horses to
prevent the enemy from knowing where he was buried. Indians
loved to dig up bodies and loot and desecrate the bodies in the
most heinous manner.
Play Braddock Video

French and Indian War Becomes a World at War (1756)
The French & Indian War spread to Europe as Great Britain declared
war on France, expanding the North American conflict to Europe, Africa,
Asia and South America. The Spanish and Dutch, siding with the French,
also threw their hat into the ring.

From Bad to Worse: French Capture Ft. William Henry
The French, led by General Montcalm surrounded the English garrison of
Fort William Henry.
The British commander, General Monroe wanted to arrange the best terms of
surrender possible. As part of the generous terms of his surrender, the French
guaranteed that General Monroe and his forces were allowed to retreat with
their belongings.
Following the surrender, the French actions
angered their Indian allies who ambushed and
killed hundreds of British soldiers and unarmed
civilians a short distance from the fort.
Why are you
letting them go! I
came here to
collect scalps…
Play Last of the Mohicans Battle Scene Video

Leadership Change in England (1758)
In March 1758, William Pitt (The Great Commoner) became leader of
British government. He was very popular among the British people. His new
strategy was to seize control of the St. Lawrence River and cut off the
supplies to the French fighting in America.
Seize control of the
mouth of the St.
Lawrence River.
William Pitt
Continue down the St.
Lawrence River and
capture French forts
along the way.
Capture Quebec,
the French Capital
of New France.
Capture Fort
Duquesne & the forks
of the Ohio River.
William Pitt’s Strategy for Winning the War.

The French Begin Losing Canada… The Tide Turns
In July 1758, the British capture the French fortress at Louisbourg, opening
the St. Lawrence River and the water route to Canada.
The French are in danger of losing Canada to the British. The tide finally
turned toward the British as the British finally gained a firm foothold in
Canada.
In August 1758, the British capture Fort Fontenac, effectively cutting off all
supplies to the French forts in the Ohio River Valley and further west.
Do you think it’s
too late to change
sides?

British Capture Fort Duquesne
In November 1758, the French destroy Fort Duquesne and retreat to
Canada, giving up their pivotal stronghold at the forks of the Ohio River.
British General John Forbes established a British renamed the fort called
Fort Pitt.
The British finally control the piece of land that Braddock failed to capture
three years earlier. This time, without firing a shot

The Battle for Quebec (September 13, 1759)
British victories along the St. Lawrence River have finally made France's
stronghold on Canada vulnerable and concentrate on capturing Quebec, the
French capital of New France.
The French position within the city of Québec is nearly impenetrable due to the
area's steep cliffs and waterways.
Cliffs Protecting Quebec

Wolfe had to find a way to bypass the cliffs protecting Quebec. The French
would have to be lured outside of the city in order to be engaged in a battle
and that was General Wolfe’s plan. After surrounding the city of Quebec,
General Wolfe prepared a sneak attack by ordering his men to sail down the
St. Lawrence River and scale the cliffs downriver out of sight of the French
in Quebec.

The plan worked. After shelling the city of Québec, General Wolfe lured
the French forces under the command of General Montcalm outside of
Quebec and onto the Plains of Abraham.
The French surrender Québec after a battle outside the city on the Plains of
Abraham.
Both French commander Montcalm
and British commander Wolfe are
mortally wounded.

French Surrender… War in North America Ends (1760)
The British capture Montreal, ending the French and the British conflict in
North America. However, the fighting continues in other parts of the world
for three more years.
After the French lost, General Amherst intended to force the French
officers to turn over their flags, but many soldiers burnt their colors
rather than hand them to the British as trophies.

Treaty of Paris (1763)
The Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the French and Indian War and forced
France to turn over control of Canada to Great Britain.
France also surrendered its claim to all land east of the Mississippi River,
with the exception of the city of New Orleans.
The end of the French and Indian War brought Great Britain great benefits.
The British were now in control of the largest empire in the world and were in
a dominate position in Europe.

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)
Pontiac, a chief of the Ottawa Nation, led a coalition of Native Americans in
1763 in an attempt to drive the British and American colonial families out of
the Ohio Valley. Thousands of British Americans were killed as well as
hundreds of British troops. Pontiac’s War was concluded with the help of
the Iroquois Confederacy and skillful diplomacy.
Chief Pontiac
Something must be
done with these pale
faces… they keep
coming and
destroying our sacred
land!
Play Chief Pontiac Video

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763) Cont.’
During the first 6 months of the conflict, Pontiac’s rebellion killed around
2,000 settlers and destroyed settlements. Nine of the eleven British forts
built to protect the frontier were burned, and placed Fort Pitt and Fort
Detroit under siege.
It took British 18 months to bring the rebellion under control. Rebellion
subdued in October, 1763.

The British Advocate Germ Warfare
In order to squelch the Indian threat, General Amherst retaliated with germ
warfare, a weapon that he would think about using against any European
foe. He planned to distribute smallpox-infected blankets among the Native
Americans. Indian villages were ravaged by smallpox as thousands of
Indians died from the disease.
More… Why
certainly… HehehehYou pale faces are alright after all.
These blankets will keep my family
warm this winter. Do you have more
so I can share with my neighbors?
Indian villages were ravaged by smallpox as
thousands of Indians died from the disease.

Proclamation of 1763 (October 1763)
To curtail further Native American attacks, Parliament passed the Proclamation
of 1763 prohibited colonials to move west and build settlements beyond the
Appalachian Mountains.
The new law embittered the colonists who thought that’s what the French and
Indian War was all about.
Unable to enforce the law due to immensity of the region and a shortage of
troops, the colonists ignored the law and settled the region anyway.
A line was drawn from Canada to Florida along the crest of the Appalachians and was intended to be
temporary measure to appease the Indians and prevent more bloody conflicts like Pontiac’s Rebellion.
The British were unable to enforce the
law or to prevent the colonists from
migrating into the region due to the
immensity of the region and a shortage of
troops.
Home Guard
Fighting Terrorism Since
1492

King George III
In his later years, King
George III went
completely insane.
Up to the day King
George III died, he
refused to acknowledge
American independence
and continued to refer to
Americans as “Those
Colonists.”
When the colonists protested many of
Parliament’s actions, King George III decided to
punish the colonists rather than seek a peaceful
solution to the problem.
By the 1762, King George III of England was faced with paying off the debt
Britain had accumulated during the French and Indian War.
King George III was stubborn and surrounded himself with inexperienced
and narrow-minded people who advised him to exercise increased control
over the colonies.
KING GEORGE III FUN FACTS:
GEORGE III WAS THE LONGEST REIGNING KING OF ENGLAND.
King George III reigned for 60 years, longer than any male monarch in
British history, and second in length only to his granddaughter, Queen
Victoria, who was on the throne for 64 years.
KING GEORGE III FATHERED 15 CHILDREN

Debt Incurred from the French & Indian War
(George Grenville)
British debt from the French and Indian War was enormous and had more
than doubled the British national debt. As a result, those living in England
had endured heavy taxation, high inflation, and unemployment during this
time.
The British Parliament sought to pass the cost of the war on to their colonies
and through stricter enforcement of existing tariffs.
In 1763, King George
appointed George Grenville,
a financial expert, as his
prime minister. Grenville
believed the colonists should
pay for the debt incurred by
the French & Indian War
George Grenville

Currency Act
British restricted colonial printing of paper money and sought to make
colonists pay back their debts and taxes with hard currency.
Most gold & silver flowed to England from colonies since colonies bought
more than they sold.

James Otis “No Taxation Without Representation”
James Otis openly criticized Parliament’s practice of taxation without proper
colonial representation. He declared that no tax that was issued in order to
produce revenue for Great Britain was constitutional because American
representatives had not voted to allow the tax.
James Otis, a young Boston lawyer and one of the leaders of the Stamp Act Congress protested the tax and
demanded that Parliament repeal the acts. When Parliament refused, Otis gained colonial recognition and fame
When he proclaimed, "No taxation without representation!"

Navigation Acts
The Navigation Acts or restrictions were designed to keep the colonies from
competing against Britain.
•All goods shipped to or from British North America had to travel in
British ships.
•Any goods exported to Europe had to land first in Britain to pay
British taxes.
•Some goods could be exported to Britain only.
The colonists responded by becoming
smugglers or by ignoring British
trade laws.

Colonial Smuggling & Admiralty Courts
What happen to smugglers before 1764? Not much. The King’s prosecutors
found it difficult to obtain convictions for smuggling in American colonial
courts because smugglers were usually tried by peers and received little or no
fines.
What happen to smugglers after 1764?
Smugglers were tried by an Admiralty Court and if convicted, the smuggler’s
ship would confiscated and auctioned off. The money would then be divided
by thirds to the judge, customs official, and to the English treasury.
1/3= Trial Judge
1/3= Customs Agent
1/3= English treasury
To insure that smuggling would be prosecuted a
new law created vice admiralty courts which tried
suspected smugglers before a military court instead
of a civilian court. These courts were superior to
the colonial courts and did not have a jury but a
panel of military officers who served as judges. The
American colonials believed that the use of courts
without juries represented a violation of English
civil rights.
Offenders in admiralty courts where juries were
not allowed the burden of proof was on the
defendants; who were assumed guilty unless proved
innocent.
Guilty

Writs of Assistance (1764)
Writs of Assistance were blanket search warrants which allowed British
revenue officers to search for illegally imported goods by colonial smugglers.
Revenue officials often entered and ransacked buildings or homes without any
cause for suspicion to search for suspected smuggled goods.

Sugar Act (1764)
This 1764 act put a three-cent tax on foreign refined sugar and increased
taxes on coffee, indigo, and certain kinds of wine. It banned importation of
rum and French wines. The taxes were raised without to consent of the
colonists. This was one of the first instances in which colonists wanted a say in
how much they were taxed.
A sugar cane field in the West Indies.
Molasses was used to make rum.

Stamp Act (1765)
The tax was collected on all legal documents, contracts, licenses, pamphlets,
and newspapers printed or used in the colonies.
Previous taxes had only impacted certain groups, such as molasses importers,
but the Stamp Act affected everyone in colonial America. The law required
that a stamp be affixed to the taxable property to show that the tax had been
paid.
Did You Know? On the day the Stamp Act
went into effect, some colonists wore mourning
clothes, clothes worn to funerals, as a sign of
protest. Also that day, church bells were rung
from Portsmouth, New Hampshire, to
Savannah, Georgia, to protest the act.

Boycott & Stamp Act Repealed (1766)
Merchants organized boycotts by refusing to buy of British goods thereby
withholding money from its treasury. Boycotts had a huge impact on British
importers and the economic effects of the boycotts were instrumental in the
repeal of the Stamp Act in March 1766.
Parliament would reassert its right to tax the Americans in the Declaratory
Act.

Declaratory Act
As a way to save face with the repel of the hated Stamp Act, the British
Parliament passed the Declaratory Act in 1766 stated that the colonies are
subordinate and dependent on the Imperial Crown and Parliament of Britain
and that Parliament had the authority to pass laws.
The British Parliament
The economy
can’t take it
anymore! Repeal
the acts!
We can’t stop
taxing! It’s
our main
source of
income
Why should we give in
and allow these
ungrateful colonies to
tell us what to do. It is
our God-given right to
tax them!!

British Troops Arrive in Boston
The (peaceful) Arrival of Troops in Boston Aroused American Resistance

Quartering Act (1764)
Lord Grenville and the British Parliament felt that the colonists should pay
1/3 of the bill of maintaining a garrison of 10,000 British soldiers to protect
them. This law required the colonists to provide food and housing for British
soldiers.

Townsend Duties or Revenue Act (1767)
The Act imposed import duties on 72 items including paint, tea, glass and
paper. The revenue raised from it was to provide for the salaries of colonial
officers and its administration. It also authorized the Supreme Court to issue
writs of assistance for violators, established the American Customs Board
and expanded Admiralty Courts.
Charles Townsend

Sons of Liberty & Daughters of Liberty
Video
To replace boycotted British cloth, the women of Boston organized
the Daughters of Liberty. The organization spun yarn into thread,
wove cloth on home looms, and was instrumental in maintaining
the American boycott of British goods.
Samuel Adams
Daughters of Liberty
The Sons of Liberty was a secret society of patriots in Boston which was
organized in 1765 by Samuel Adams and John Hancock. They organized
protests against British tax laws and participated in terrorizing revenue agents
through house-wrecking and tar-and-feathering in order to gain notoriety.

Protest Movement
Protests and riots in Boston were so ferocious that customs officials demanded
and received military protection. However, the presence of the British Army
in Boston only served to intensify the animosity between the British government
and the colonials.
A statue of King George was
pulled down and melted to
make bullets for the militia.
Stamp act agents were
warned to resign and to
stop selling stamps or else
get tar & feathered.
Video

Committees of Correspondence
Colonial groups dedicated to organizing resistance against British laws
and made sure that colonists remained discontent with British rule.
Samuel Adams used propaganda to whip up colonial resentment. Samuel Adams organized the local committees
of correspondence which chief function was to spread propaganda and information by interchanging letters in
order to keep opposition to British policy alive.

Boston “Massacre” (March 5, 1770 )
In 1770, tension increased in Boston. On the night of March 5, 1770 British
soldiers (having been provoked) fired on a crowd of Bostonians and eleven
civilians were killed or wounded.
Exaggerated versions of the “massacre” spread throughout the colonies by the
Sons of Liberty. Made British appear sinister.
Video

Did You Know? Paul Revere made an
engraving of the Boston Massacre. The
engraving clearly shows that one of the
dead colonists in the square is African
American (Crispus Attucks). The
engraving was shown throughout the
colonies to get support for the war for
independence. However, when the
engraving was shown in the Southern
colonies, all the dead men shown in the
engraving appear to be white.
Distorted Version of the Boston “Massacre”
Crispus Attucks, a
mulatto merchant
seaman (runaway
slave), the “first to
die in the
revolution,” alleged
leader of the unruly
mob. Crispus Attucks
is buried in a
common grave with
four other victims of
the Boston Massacre

Colonists Demand British Troops Leave Boston
Bostonians demanded that the soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre be
tried for their crimes. Bostonian lawyer John Adams, cousin of Samuel Adams
(leader of the Sons of Liberty) represented the soldiers at the trial. The
soldiers were acquitted (found not guilty) and allowed to return to England.
Bostonians grew angry about the verdict and demanded that all British troops
be removed from their city.
In 1773, the British passed the Administration of Justice Act which stated that officials who killed
colonists could now be tried in England instead of the colonies. Video

Townshend Acts Repealed
Townshend Acts were repealed and half the troops in Boston removed. There
was a general feeling of goodwill after the Townshend Acts were repealed until
the British enacted the Tea Act in 1773.
We Did It…
Cheers…

The Gaspee Incident (June 9, 1772)
The Gaspee Affair took place on June 9, 1772 at Narragansett Bay, Rhode
Island. The HMS Gaspee, a British customs ship, ran aground in Rhode
Island and a Sons of Liberty group attacked and set fire to the ship.
The British Government threatened to send the American perpetrators for trial in England, but no
arrests were made. Samuel Adams believed that the British threat to send protestors to England
deprived American colonists of their right to trial by a jury was unconstitutional.
That’s not funny… those
responsible will pay.

Tea Act of 1773
The Tea Act of 1773 granted the East India Company exclusive license to
import and distribute tea to the American colonies. Tea was sold in
America at 10s per pound, half its previous price and less than the cost of
smuggled tea. Despite the economic benefit to end consumers of tea, the
law damaged the position of independent shippers, smugglers and local
shopkeepers.

Boston Tea Party (Dec. 16, 1773)
In 1773, the British granted a British company the sole right to handle the
tea trade. American merchants resented their loss of business.
On the night of December 16, 1773, members of the Sons of Liberty dressed
as Indians boarded three ships, smashed 342 chests open, and dumped the
tea into Boston Harbor. (valued at about $3 million dollars in today’s
money.

Intolerable (Coercive) Acts of 1774
Parliament passed the Intolerable Acts in 1774, a series of laws designed to
punish and make an example of Massachusetts for the Boston tea Party
• Boston Harbor remained closed until damages were paid. (Tea was
never paid for)
• Forbade town meetings except for election of town officials.
• Provided for the quartering of troops once again in Boston by civilians.
Repeat after me… I… will
not… dump tea… from a
British ship… into the harbor…
AGAIN!!!

First Continental Congress (September and October 1774)
All of the colonies met (except Georgia) for the First Continental Congress.
The main purpose was to draft a petition of grievances to Parliament.
The First Continental Congress denounced the “Intolerable” Acts and
threatened if they were not repealed then it would call on colonies to suspend
all trade with the British Empire and urge citizens not to pay taxes.
In a statement to the king, the Congress wrote
that the colonists had a right to be represented
in their government. They saw themselves as
full-fledged subjects of the king, but often felt
like they were treated as inferiors by the
Crown.
"... an attack on the liberties of
one Colony was an attack on the
liberties of all.''

Minutemen (Colonial Militia )
In colonial times, all able-bodied men ages 16-60 had to keep a gun and serve
in a part-time citizen army called the militia. These volunteers were the first
responders and always had their bags packed and guns ready at a moment’s
notice. [In reality they were trained in case of an Indian attack.]

Prelude to Lexington & Concord (April 1775)
Britain's General Gage, the new military governor of Massachusetts, had a
secret plan. During the wee hours of April 19, 1775, he would send out a
detachment of 700 British soldiers quartered in Boston and march to
Concord. There he expected to arrest leaders of the rebellion, Sam Adams
and John Hancock as well as seize the weapons rumored to be stored there.
But spies and friends of the Sons of Liberty leaked word of Gage's plan.
It is a myth that Revere and other riders shouted, "The
British are coming!" This warning would have confused a
good many of the Americans living in the countryside
who still considered themselves British. The Regulars
were known to be British soldiers.
Revere did not act alone and was part of a
highly organized alert system consisting of
signals, including with lanterns, and word of
mouth. The alerts were so effective that by the
time the British reached Charlestown outside of
Boston, 5,000 to 7,000 militia members had
surrounded them.

Lexington Green (April 19, 1775)
“Lay down your
arms, you damned
rebels, or you are all
dead men!”
The fighting began at Lexington when seventy minutemen led by John Parker
confronted the British troops. A British officer ordered the Minutemen to lay
down their arms and disperse, but a shot from an unknown source, recognized
forevermore as, “The Shot Heard Round the World" was fired. Who fired the
first shot? Nobody knows, but the British opened fire on the militia [minutemen]
killing 8 and wounding another 10.
Afterwards, the British continued on to Concord which was about six miles away.

Chaos at Concord
The opportunity was lost when the British reached Concord too late. Sam Adams
and John Hancock had escaped along with all the stored weapons. After setting
fire to the abandoned warehouse the British were confronted by numerous local
colonial militias forcing them to make a fighting retreat along the same 20-mile
march back to Boston. Colonial militias sniped and fired on the retreating British
troops causing heavy causalities. By day’s end, 73 British soldiers had been killed
and another 174 wounded.
Angry minutemen stop the British advance at the North Bridge out of Concord, Massachusetts. After suffering a
few casualties the British began their retreat back to Boston. There was no going back for the colonies, even though
many still wanted to remain loyal to the Crown.

Olive Branch Petition
The Olive Branch Petition was adopted by the Second Continental Congress
on July 5, 1775, in a final attempt to avoid a full-blown war between the
Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain. The petition affirmed the colonies
allegiance to the King.
King George III rejected the Olive Branch Petition and declared the North
American colonies to be in a state of rebellion.
Anyone who
opposes the crown
is a traitor and a
scoundrel and
deserves a
scoundrel's death.

Common Sense by Thomas Paine
Written in early 1776, it said that continued American loyalty to Britain
would be absurd, and independence was the only rational thing for
colonists to do.

Its Too Late to Apologize
Halfway across the globe
And we're standing on new ground
Screaming 'cross the waves
You can't hear a sound
There's no fair trials, no trade, no liberties
No tea
We've colonized America; we won't stand
for tyranny,
Oh king
And it's too late to apologize It's too late
I said it's too late to apologize
It's too late
We've paid your foolish tax, read the acts
And they just won't do
 We want to make it clear, we believe this
much is true
All men were created with certain
 Unalienable rights
Among these are life, liberty, and the
pursuit
Of happiness
 And it's too late to apologize
It's too late
I said It's too late to apologize
It's too late
 It's too late to apologize
It's too late
I said it's too late apologize
It's too late
 I said it's too late to apologize, yeah
It's too late
I said it's too late to apologize, yeah
 Halfway across the globe
And we're standing on new ground
http://www.schooltube.com/video/e1895c4c1683c3124733/Too-Late-to-Apologize-A-Declaration

Hogan's History- The Road to Revolution

Recommandé

Recommandé

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Tendances (20)

Similaire à Hogan's History- The Road to Revolution

Similaire à Hogan's History- The Road to Revolution (20)

Plus de William Hogan

Plus de William Hogan (20)

Dernier

Dernier (20)

Hogan's History- The Road to Revolution