Sophie Theis: New approaches for Inclusive Irrigation
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Sophie Theis: New approaches for Inclusive Irrigation
- 1. Photo Credit Goes Here Photo credit: IWMI Flickr, Ghana and Ethiopia Africa Water Week Side Event, July 21, 2016 Frederick Kahimba (SUA), Jennie Barron (IWMI), Maureen Mnimbo (SUA), Mary Ndaro (CARE), Sophie Theis (IFPRI) New Approaches for Inclusive Irrigation: Tools and Findings from Tanzania, Ghana, Ethiopia, and Malawi
- 2. Photo Credit Goes Here Photo credit: IWMI Flickr, Ghana and Ethiopia Sophie Theis, International Food Policy Research Institute Africa Water Week, Dar es Salaam, July 21, 2016 New Tools for Inclusive Irrigation: Understanding and Measuring Gender Equality in Irrigation
- 3. • With increasing interest and investments in irrigation for food & nutrition security, climate resilience, ag productivity, income generation, and so on, how can we ensure irrigation expansion is inclusive of both men and women?
- 4. GENDER RESEARCH IN THE ILSSI: ETHIOPIA, GHANA, TANZANIA • Qualitative research • Household survey analysis • Three gender and irrigation workshops (March/April 2016): Workshop resources from Ethiopia, Ghana, and Tanzania • ILSSI Gender and Irrigation Project Note • Blogpost on workshops: Investigating Gender Dynamics in Irrigation • YouTube videos from the workshops • Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Small-Scale Irrigation (ILSSI) project website
- 5. INCLUSIVE IRRIGATION IS PROBABLY NOT: • Every man and woman has their own motor pump? • Men and women have to do all the same work? • Specialization is OK • Women’s workloads are already very heavy, and workload does not guarantee economic empowerment • How to increase economic empowerment without increasing workload? • It is common to have some degree of joint ownership and decision making over technology, land, production • Do men and women have equal opportunity to invest, if interested?
- 6. Understanding gender- based differences, including how men and women have: …helps to answer these questions: Different preferences Can both men and women access and benefit from irrigation water and technologies if they want to? Different constraints Different risks What will be the impacts of an irrigation intervention? Given who has access/control, how will benefits (water, crops, income) be used? Different opportunities
- 7. BOTH MEN AND WOMEN FACE CONSTRAINTS TO IRRIGATION Constraints exist, but many tend to be more severe for women than men Access to land Access to credit Access to information/training/groups Access to markets Access to hired labor Challenges with water governance (e.g. distance to canal, timing of water) Time availability and energy (in context of other chores/workload) Social norms and cultural appropriateness Decision making power in community decisions (e.g. water allocations) Decision making power in household decisions (e.g. use of income)
- 8. DESPITE WORK IN IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE, WOMEN OFTEN LACK CONTROL OVER BENEFITS “During cultivation there is love at home, good talks like, ‘this year after we harvest we will make this and that, and we will take our child to there and do this for him.’ You use all your energy, and when harvesting time comes, after taking the sacks in the warehouse, and you touch him, then conflict will rise in the house, and he will tell you, ‘With the little income we have, do you think we can manage big things as those?’ Then you keep quiet.”
- 9. OVERALL BENEFITS, BUT LACK OF CONTROL OVER INCOME “How I have understood her it’s this way, she has understood the changes gained [from irrigation] is that we have gained to build good houses... In most cases, this is how men behave: he harvests 100 sacks of paddy and he doesn’t put them at home, instead he stores it in a warehouse, after it has dried up, he sells without notifying you, while you are thinking it’s 100 sacks of paddy he has already sold some of it, and when you go to check only 40 sacks of paddy left behind the rest you don’t know where they went, and if you ask it’s a conflict inside the house. He only cares you are living in a good house, you have a TV and good utensils then he expects you to be satisfied. It means men consume a lot.” “Irrigation cultivation has brought up mistresses since there is income, he goes and collect there.” “These warehouses destroy our husbands.”
- 10. LOTS OF VARIATION BETWEEN PLACES AND OVER TIME, SO IMPORTANT TO KNOW THE CONTEXT “There are men who like to supervise everything by themselves and other families like participatory.” “There are families which are dictatorship form while others are cooperative.” “Women used to fetch water in the past but recently men are the ones who fetch water in Mawemairo. When you go to water sources you may find only 1 woman out of 20 women, and may be that woman is fetching water because the husband is travelled but men are fetching water for home uses and for livestock.” “Things have changed, in the past women were partially involved in the business but recently women are the administrator in the business. In business, they are mostly involved in the financial management.”
- 11. IMPLEMENTING THE AMCOW GENDER STRATEGY AMCOW Gender Strategy goal Contribution of this Tool 1. Gender approach to implement project interventions at all levels within the water sector, including economic empowerment through equal access to water for productive purposes developed and adopted Can be used to conduct a gender analysis for project interventions in the water sector Primarily focused on economic empowerment through equal access to water for productive purposes 2. Strategic research and collection of operational information on gender undertaken, produced, shared, and used by stakeholders to inform evidence based responses Provides a framework for recording and sharing information between stakeholders on gender equality in irrigation 3. Monitoring and Evaluation system and indicators to support gender equality interventions in the water sector developed and implemented Can be used to develop indicators for interventions
- 12. 2 NEW GENDER & IRRIGATION TOOLS Diagnostic for Gender Equality in Irrigation Gender in Irrigation Learning and Improvement Tool • Measures the current gender gap in access to and control over irrigation and its benefits, including labor burden, decision making power • Assesses and improve gender integration in irrigation scheme planning • Ask questions in sex-disaggregated Focus Group Discussions, compares men and women’s responses as the “irrigation gender gap” • Ask questions in sex-disaggregated Focus Group Discussions • Helps identify the key issues where there is gender inequality (individual technologies and collective schemes) • Helps to identify ways to enhance women’s participation in decision making in formal irrigation schemes • Based on 3 workshops and qualitative research in Tanzania, Ghana, Ethiopia. • Planning to pilot in fall 2016 • Based on extensive stakeholder consultations • Field tested in Uzbekistan and Malawi
- 13. TOPICS IN THE DIAGNOSTIC Topic Basic Information Main sources of water & technologies used for irrigation Section A Access to Water for Multiple Uses Section B Rules about Water Section C Division of Labor Section D Control over Benefits/Income from Irrigation Section E Access to and Control over Irrigation Technologies
- 15. CONTROL OVER BENEFITS OF IRRIGATION
- 16. ACCESS TO AND CONTROL OVER IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGIES
- 18. What is gender equality in irrigation? • Equal opportunities, based on access to credit, labor, information, and land, to adopt affordable irrigation technology that meets user’s needs • Tailored training for men and women on irrigation and agronomic practices • Equal access to and control over collective water resources (e.g., irrigation canals, small reservoirs) • Meaningful participation in community and household decision making about water use and allocation • Control over the use of irrigation (e.g., what plots, crops are watered); the benefits of irrigation (e.g., use of income, food); and access to markets (e.g., inputs, sale of irrigated produce) • Reduced workload related to water distribution and application for all water uses
- 19. THANK YOU! Source: IWMI Flickr Additional Resources: • Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Small-Scale Irrigation (ILSSI) • ILSSI Gender and Irrigation Project Note • Resources from gender and irrigation workshops in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Tanzania • Blogpost on workshops • YouTube videos from the workshops
Notes de l'éditeur
- This presentation is on our recent gender work under the ILSSI project that has led to the development of new tools for inclusive irrigation to help practitioners and policymakers understand and measure gender equality in irrigation. A lot of people are interested in gender mainstreaming and women’s empowerment in the irrigation sector, but they don’t know how to do it in practice, so these tools are meant to empower practitioners to make this more concrete and context specific.
- Do both have opportunities to adopt irrigation technologies if they want to?
- I’ll share some ideas from our qualitative and quantitative research as well as workshops on gender and irrigation held in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Tanzania.
- To begin with, here are two common misconceptions about inclusive irrigation What technologies do men and women actually want, and what ownership modality? You might wake up in the morning and say let me start with the farm then I get back to home chores, you are alone and father isn’t around, you have to follow the water and they tell you wait [for the canal water], while waiting you decide to dig, and you find yourself until noon you haven’t eaten a thing, you come back home and find other duties waiting for you, at the same time you haven’t even irrigated the farm. That’s why women’s health has deteriorated here due to lack of food.
- Even if an intervention is meant “for everyone,” can unintentionally exclude people if it is assumed everyone has the same preferences and constraints. In most cases it is likely that men and women, even in the same household, have different preferences, constraints, risks, opportunities because of their gender roles and responsibilities. Different preferences with respect to technologies, financing, sharing vs. individual ownership, making community decisions on water Different constraints (discussed next slide) women tend to have less access to land, credit, information, decision-making power at household and community levels, etc) Different risks (e.g. safety issues, domestic violence upon adopting an intervention) Different opportunities (e.g. what will men and women grow if they have access to irrigation technologies? How will men and women use the income from irrigation technology?) These are based in different roles and responsibilities related to water and agriculture, cultural appropriateness, and gender-based constraints
- But let’s look at what women say (Tanzania qualitative work). In a house which has peace and love, it’s an agreement, discussion between the man and woman; but if there is no love and respect you find confrontation until you delay in working on that season until it gets finished. In most cases, men involve us in decision making but during harvesting you are left behind, I don’t know how others see it.
- So this led to our interest in developing a tool for practitioners that captures local context of different constraints, preferences, risks, and opportunities of men and women of different social groups. Such a tool would also help implement three goals articulated in the AMCOW gender strategy which seeks guidance on project interventions, including water for economic empowerment, strategic research for evidence-based responses, and M&E indicator to support gender equality interventions. African Ministers Council on Water (AMCOW) Gender Strategy (2011)
- Both tools are hyperlinked in draft form here – feedback is still invited GILIT: (access to scheme resources, participation in irrigation management, and access to benefits from irrigation) the extent to which an intervention has allowed for meaningful participation of women in decision making
- Asks a series of opinion questions on each of these topics for the gender of the respondent in that community Captures the constraints to benefiting from irrigation for both men and women Compares scores to look at the key gender gaps as well as the challenges for both men and women The findings can inform the design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of irrigation interventions that are more effective and equitable because they take into account gender-based and other social differences
- Compare to traditional qualitative protocol Afterwards, responses from the single-sex discussions can be compared. The larger the difference in scores, the greater gender inequality exists in the community. Higher scores indicate better access to and control over irrigation. These results can be discussed in a mixed focus group discussion, community meeting, or with community leaders. As this tool is tested in the field, further guidelines will be developed to interpret the scores.
- Box from our gender equality in irrigation policy note
- Add links to additional resources
- Additional tools available on water supply and sanitation – not included here.
- The scoring scales therefore reflect the different levels of investment, engagement and effort to achieve optimal gender outcomes. The emphasis of the tool is not necessary the scores. The discussion around each statement enables scheme participants, managers and investors to reflect on performance and to identify ways to improve gender equitability. The tool is useful for reporting purposes and for assessing improvement in cases where the tool is implemented at different project phases. The table is not intended to be fixed or universal across all contexts; instead, it should be adjusted to account for the degree of difficulty to achieve gender equitability in each local context. Three areas of measurement are chosen in relation to men’s and women’s: i) access to scheme resources (including information, such as in the design phase; land, water, and other inputs); ii) participation in scheme membership, leadership, and decision-making; and iii) access to scheme benefits, including access to market information, packaging, and payments from product sales or processing, depending on the location and crop.