Presentation by Michael Phillips, Malcolm Beveridge and Stephen Hall on: fish and food and nutrition security; fish as food; fish, food and nutrition security scenarios in ASEAN. This was presented at the meeting on “Integrating Nutrition into the ASEAN Food Security Framework and Strategic Plan of Action on Food Security in ASEAN Region”, held from the 29 January – 1 February 2013 in Bangkok, Thailand.

1. Sustainable development of fish
supplies to meet food and nutrition
security needs
Michael Phillips, Malcolm Beveridge and Stephen Hall

2. Overview
• Fish and food and
nutrition security
• Fish as food
• Fish, food and nutrition
security scenarios in
ASEAN
• Key messages

3. Fish, food and
nutrition
security and
livelihoods

4. Fish – producers, value chains, livelihoods
• Globally,120 million people
engaged in capture fisheries and
40 (?) million in aquaculture:
– 90% small-scale (>30% below
poverty line)
– Production generates food
and income
– Value chain employment (e.g.
Vietnam, Bangladesh)
– Women and men

5. Fish - consumption
• Fish consumption
important in many 120
120
cultures 100
Growing fisheries (0.7% per annum)
Growing fisheries (0.7% per annum)
Stagnant fisheries
Stagnant fisheries
Pig
100 Production forecast (this study)
Production (million tonnes)
Production (million tonnes)
Production targets (national data)
•
• Global
consumption
rises
to
22.5
kg/y
Global
consumption
rises
to
22.5
kg/y
80
• Main source of animal
80 Chicken •
• Global
consumption
remains
at
Global
consumption
remains
at
1996
levels
((15.6
kg/y)
1996
levels
15.6
kg/y)
protein for > 1 billion 60
60
Fish
Fish
Fish
people 40
40
•Technological
advances
iin
aquaculture
•Technological
advances
n
aquaculture
20 •Baseline
scenario
•Baseline
scenario
20
• Particularly important for •Ecological
collapse
of
ffisheries
•Ecological
collapse
of
isheries
the poor 1950
1950
1960
1960
1970
1970
1980
1980
1990
1990
Year
2000
2000
2010
2010
2020
2020
2030
2030
Year
Ye (1999)
IFPRI (2003) (1999)
Ye
FAO IFPRI (2003)
(2004)
FAO (2004)
Wijkstrom (2003)
Wijkstrom (2003)
• Demand globally is
growing

6. Fish as food

7. so … what’s in fish? – protein

8. so.. what’s in fish? - lipid
source:
h$p://www.fish-­‐4-­‐ever.com/fish4health.htm

9. essential fats in some food fishes
g per 100 g; * mg per 100 g
Species Total Saturated Mono- Poly- Omega-3 Omega-6 Cholesterol
unsaturate unsaturate *
d d
Carp 5.5 1.1 2.3 1.4 0.7 0.5 66
Eel 12 2.4 7.2 0.9 0.7 0.2 126
Salmon 6 1.0 2.1 2.5 2.0 0.2 55
Flounder 1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.008 448
Cod 1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.008 43
Grouper 1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.01 37
Herring 9 2.0 3.7 2.1 1.7 0.1 60
Tuna 5 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.3 0.05 38
Mackerel 14 3.3 5.5 3.3 2.7 0.2 70
Shark 5 0.9 1.8 1.2 1.0 0.08 51
Meat 3 2.0 0.8 0.1 Tr
Milk 18 4.5 4.5 0.5 0.06
modified from: Hambraeus (2010)

10. Micronutrients – dried fish, Lake Mweru

11. Availability – nutrients and importance of fish
plant fish
other
animal
protein
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
from Kawarazuka & Béné (2011); data from FAO (2011) * = ASEAN countries

12. Determinants of nutritional status
Nutritional Status
use and
Outcomes
utilization
Dietary Health Physiological Immediate
Intake Status Demands causes
Household Maternal and Child Health Services and Underlying
Stability
Food Access Care Services the Environment causes
access
information/education/communication/marketing/lifestyle/beliefs
Resources and Control
human, economic and organizational
Basic causes availability
political and ideological factors
economic structure
Potential Resources modified from UNICEF
(1991), Kawarazuka &
Béné (2010)
modified from UNICEF (1991), Kawarazuka & Béné (2010)

13. Fish and food
and nutrition
security
scenarios in
ASEAN

14. Changes in global fish supplies and utilization
utilization population (billion)
tonnes x 106 per capita supply (kg)
from FAO (2011)

15. Wild fisheries – critical for the poor, food and
nutrition, but…

16. Growth in demand for fish – 2007-2015
source:
Cai
(2011)

17. Annual growth rate of aquaculture 2007-2015 to
satisfy fish demand
source:
Cai
(2011)

18. Availability – ASEAN aquaculture

19. Cambodia - scenarios show growing fish demand
• population and wealth
driving demand
• scenario setting for 2030
shows significant new
supply required
• even more aquaculture
will be required if
capture fisheries are not
well managed
• new investments will be
needed to support that

20. Aquaculture is substituting for declining capture
fisheries 1996
2006
Changes
in
farmed
and
wild
fish
consump:on
among
957
households
in
4
districts,
1996-­‐2006
(Bangladesh,
IFPRI
survey
data)

21. Aquaculture is essential, but there are
consequences for the fish we eat
source: Beveridge et
al. (in press)

22. Aquaculture and economic access
… what farmers want to produce?
… what people want to eat?

23. Farmed tilapia prices, Bangladesh 2011

24. Micronutrients – selected fish, Bangladesh
per 100 g edible portion
source: Thilsted & Roos (1999)

25. Small, oily fish eaten whole are best

26. Aquaculture and small fish species, Bangladesh

27. Intensification of production is inevitable
Intensive
:lapia
ponds,
Egypt

28. Farmed fish are generally fattier than wild
10 wild
farmed
8
fat (g) per 100 g serving
6
4
2
0
source: USDA nutrient database

29. .. and the fatty acid profiles differ too
Wild
Extensive
Semi-intensive
polyculture
Semi-intensive,
wi poultry/pigs
Intensive mono-
culture
source: Karapanagiotidis et al.(2006)

30. Key messages

31. (1) Fish is important for ASEAN food & nutrition
security
• Fish is a preferred item in the diets of many, especially poor, people
• It is an important source of quality and highly bioavailable protein, but
more importantly of essential fatty acids and micronutrients
— at key life stages (e.g. the first 1000 days)
— importance should be measured in relation to consumption of other foods, intra-
household food distribution
• The species we eat are changing, as is the method of production
— the rise of aquaculture
— intensification of culture methods
• Changes impact nutrient content; implications for food and nutrition security

32. (2) Increasing availability by aquaculture is
important, but is not enough
Nutritional Status Outcomes
Dietary Health Physiological Immediate
Intake Status Demands causes
Household Maternal and Child Health Services and Underlying
Stability
Food Access Care Services the Environment causes
information/education/communication/marketing/lifestyle/beliefs
Resources and Control
human, economic and organizational
Basic causes
political and ideological factors
economic structure modified from
UNICEF (1991),
Kawarazuka &
Potential Resources Béné (2010)

33. (3) Gender plays an important role
• Intra-household assets
and food allocation
• Workloads
• Technologies
• Access to inputs and
knowledge

34. (4) Emerging lessons from integrating fish, with
horticulture systems, and nutrition
• Integrated systems
• Promotion of nutrition education
• Interventions can improve
income as well as nutrition
• Growing experiences in
Bangladesh and Cambodia with
partners (HKI, USAID etc)

35. Key recommendations
• Recognize
– value of fish in human nutrition
– fish demand will grow
significantly
– wild fisheries and aquaculture
are different and we need
interventions in both
– Aquaculture interventions
required for food and nutrition
– availability is only part of the
solution
– opportunities for better
integration of fisheries for
human nutrition and health

36. (1) Dialogue and partnerships
• Fish has a role, but ensuring
positive nutrititional
outcomes is about more
than fish supply
• Inter-sectoral dialogue
• Public, civil society, private
sector partnerships
• Opportunities for sharing of
experiences, within and
outside ASEAN

37. (2) Research – new CGIAR Research Programs

38. (3) Policy
• National
– R&D investment that sustain
fisheries and grow aquaculture
– nutrition –oriented investment/
incentives for aquaculture
– value chains and markets
– intersectoral, integrated
interventions based on
understanding of pathways to
positive nutritional outcomes
• Regional
– Fish as an integral part of the
ASEAN food and nutrition
security framework

39. Thankyou