A PhD research proposal outlines a proposed research topic in the context of previous work, demonstrates awareness of current debates, identifies gaps in knowledge, suggests a hypothesis to address gaps, explains the intended methodology, and discusses policy implications. The proposal helps assess aptitude for research and alignment with the institution's interests and facilities. It is important to research institutions thoroughly before applying to ensure a fit between research interests. In some fields like science, institutions present pre-defined research projects formulated by supervisors rather than requiring original proposals.