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HIPOPERFUSÃO OCULTA
PRATICANDO PARÂMETROS




 SERGIO KIFFER MACEDO
Microvascular Blood Flow Is Altered in Patients with Sepsis




                          Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:98–104
Persistent microcirculatory alterations
are associated with organ failure and
 death in patients with septic shock




             Sakr Y, et al Crit Care Med 2004; 32:1825–1831
PARÂMETROS ABORDADOS:
PARÂMETROS ABORDADOS:

• LACTATO
PARÂMETROS ABORDADOS:

• LACTATO
PARÂMETROS ABORDADOS:

• LACTATO

• ScvO2
PARÂMETROS ABORDADOS:

• LACTATO

• ScvO2
PARÂMETROS ABORDADOS:

• LACTATO

• ScvO2

• ∆ CO2
PARÂMETROS ABORDADOS:

• LACTATO

• ScvO2

• ∆ CO2
PARÂMETROS ABORDADOS:

• LACTATO

• ScvO2

• ∆ CO2

• ∆ CO2/C(a-v)O2
Lactato

VN: < 2 mmol/ L
Citoplasma




             Mitocôndria




             Ciclo de Krebs
•LACTATO / PIRUVATO = 10:1

                                                     Citoplasma                                •AERÓBICO = 673KCal




                    ADR
        Glicose

                                                                              Mitocôndria

                                                                                  O2

Gliceraldeido-3-fosfato
                                        ALCALOSE                                             Acetil-CoA
                          NAD+                                    CO2
                                     NADH + H+ NAD+
                                          ALCALOSE

                                           SEPSE
                                                             Piruvato         Ciclo de Krebs
                                     ENDOTOXEMIA
 1,3-difosfoglicerato
                                          TIAMINA                                                             ATP

                               PDH
                          NA




        Piruvato
                           DH
                               +
                                H+




                                                                        CO2
                                   NA




          LD                                                                           H2O
                                     D+




               H

                   Lactato
metabolismo celular

                          = MRO 2    36 ATP
                    VO2
                          < MRO 2     2 ATP
                                                     repercussões sobre a SvO 2

               extração                                ∫ débito      ...... ∫   SvO2
débito                                                 ∫ Hgb         ...... ∫   SvO2
Hgb                                                    ∫ SaO2        ...... ∫   SvO2
                    DO2             ácido lático
                                                       ∫ extração    ......     SvO2
SaO 2                                                                ......
                                                       metabolismo              SvO2
                                                       alterado
         arterial                           venoso



             CHOQUE QUANDO VO 2 < MRO 2
metabolismo celular

                          = MRO 2     36 ATP
                    VO2
                          < MRO 2      2 ATP
                                                     repercussões sobre a SvO 2

               extração                                ∫ débito      ...... ∫   SvO2
débito                                                 ∫ Hgb         ...... ∫   SvO2
                                                       ∫ SaO2        ...... ∫   SvO2
Hgb                 DO2             Lactato
                                     ácido lático
                                                       ∫ extração    ......     SvO2
SaO 2                                                                ......
                                                       metabolismo              SvO2
                                                       alterado
         arterial                           venoso



             CHOQUE QUANDO VO 2 < MRO 2
Interpretation of




De Baker D Intensive Care Med (2003) 29:699–702
Prolonged lactate clearance is associated with
increased mortality in the surgical intensive care
                       unit

    100                                        100


     80

     60
                                42, 5
     40

     20           13, 3
          3, 9
      0
          <24 h   24- 48 h        48- 96        Abnormal
                                               unt il 96 h
                  McNellis J, et al. Am J Surg. 2001 Nov;182(5):481-5
Serial blood lactate levels can predict the
 development of multiple organ failure
          following septic shock.




               Bakker J, et al. Am J Surg 1996 Feb;171(2):221-6
CLEARENCE DE LACTATO

(Lactato basal – Lactato após 6 h) x 100
             Lactato basal
ScvO2


VN: > 70%
Time course of continuously
 measured SvO2 and ScvO2




        Reinhart K, et al.Intensive Care Med (2004) 30:1572–1578
Limits of mixed venous
  oxygen saturation




     Bloos F and Reinhart K. Intensive Care Med (2005) 31:911–913
Variables that affect mixed
venous oxygen saturation




         Rivers EP, et al Curr Opin Crit Care 2001, 7:204–211
Resuscitation of the critically ill in the ED: responses
   of blood pressure, heart rate, shock index, central
         venous oxygen saturation, and lactate.
                                                     Occult Tissue Hypoxia


• Phase 1 – Triage
• Phase 2 – After VS
  stabilization, 31 of
  36 patients had
 – ScvO2 < 65%
 – Lactate > 2 mM/L
• Phase 3 – Relief of
  occult tissue
  hypoxia

                 Rady and Rivers, Am J Emerg Med. 1996 Mar;14(2):218-25
∆CO2

VN: 4-6mmHg
Citoplasma



                    ADR
        Glicose

                                                                              Mitocôndria

                                                                                  O2

Gliceraldeido-3-fosfato
                                        ALCALOSE                                             Acetil-CoA
                          NAD+                                    CO2
                                     NADH + H+ NAD+
                                          ALCALOSE

                                           SEPSE
                                                             Piruvato         Ciclo de Krebs
                                     ENDOTOXEMIA
 1,3-difosfoglicerato
                                          TIAMINA                                                         ATP

                               PDH
                          NA




        Piruvato
                           DH
                               +
                                H+




                                                                        CO2
                                   NA




          LD                                                                           H2O
                                     D+




               H

                   Lactato
Citoplasma                                     ↑CO2

                         ADR
             Glicose

                                                                                   Mitocôndria

                                                                                       O2

     Gliceraldeido-3-fosfato
                                             ALCALOSE                                             Acetil-CoA
                               NAD+                                    CO2
                                          NADH + H+ NAD+
                                               ALCALOSE

                                                SEPSE
                                                                  Piruvato         Ciclo de Krebs
                                          ENDOTOXEMIA
      1,3-difosfoglicerato
                                               TIAMINA                                                          ATP

                                    PDH
                               NA




             Piruvato
                                DH
                                    +
                                     H+




                                                                             CO2
                                        NA




               LD                                                                           H2O
                                          D+




                    H

                        Lactato
O2
Veno-Arterial CO2 Gradient
Veno-Arterial CO2 Gradient
  ΔPCO2 = PvCO2 - PaCO2     NORMAL = 4-6mmHg



  CO2 production (VCO2)= CO x (CvCO2 - CaCO2)



  ΔPCO2 = k x VCO2
      
      CO

ΔPCO2 IS INVERSELY RELATED TO CARDIAC OUTPUT
∆CO2 / C(a-
   v)O2
VN: até 1,4 mmHg
∆CO2 / C(a-v)O2


CaO2 = (1.34 x SaO2 x Hb) + (0.003 x PaO2)
∆CO2 / C(a-v)O2


 CaO2 = (1.34 x SaO2 x Hb) + (0.003 x PaO2)


CvO2 = (1.34 x SvO2 x Hb) + (0.003 x PvO2)
Respiratory Quotient Could Be a Better Perfusion
  Variable to Predict Mortality in Septic Shock




                     0.76 (cut-off value 1.0 (sensitivity 63%




               Rezende E et al Submitted to SCCM

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