2. Mass Tourism 1900-50’s.
After the First World War around the 1920’s, mass
communication developed, cinema, radio, photography and TV.
• Motorised public transport became popular. Pullman coaches
accommodated 15 people per coach. Well equipped coaches
with tables, buffet bar and toilets!
• By the 1920 private car ownership was popular amongst the
middle classes. Soon camping and caravanning followed suit.
• By the 1930’s trailers/caravans
very became popular.
• Domestic rail became nationalised in 1923 after
after the WW2 It became public and then privatised in 1990’s.
3. The Great Depression.
• Political collapse hit mainly USA and parts of Europe.
However the travel industry was very resilient and charter
cruises and rail became increasing popular around this time.
• Thomas Cook and Sir Henry Lunn (Lunn Poly now TUI) held
down prices and fixed prices on excursions. Discounted fares
on bulk prices introduces the modern package tours.
• 5000 British tourist travelled to Russia 1932, curious to learn
about the country and political structure.
• By 1938 one million travellers were cruising on 139 ships.
4. The airline industry.
• The first commercial flights were first initiated in 1919,
from Hounslow Airport, first flights were from London to
Paris at £16 per flight (the equivalent to a weeks wage).
• Growth was limited to short haul flights overland. Over
the years flight became reliable and low cost to compete
with shipping routes.
5. Pan America Airways.
• In America Pan America Airways formed in 1927 and
they introduced transatlantic air services.
• Long distance travel equated to numerous stops,
unreliable and uncomfortable. Commercial airlines were
mainly for mail not passengers.
• Not until the 1950’s air travel BOAC started the first ever
transatlantic jet service using the radically redesigned
Comet 4 - the Boeing 707, with its greater passenger
capacity set the standard. Pan Am, too came to dominate
the transatlantic jet market with its 707 service. BOAC
quickly switched to 707s as well.
6. Travel for the masses
• Air travel in the 50s was much more regulated than it is today. All
fares were fixed by the International Air Traffic Association (IATA).
It seems almost inconceivable today, but IATA dictated exactly what
could be charged on any particular route. Airlines could compete on
standards of service, but not price.
• Tourist class travel on flights was still only for the privileged few.
However, it did have a dramatic increase in the numbers flying
showing that there was a huge demand for flights if the price was
affordable.
• By 1957 Economy Class was offered as a ‘no frills’ service.
• The new class of travel meant that in the late fifties the airlines could
offer four classes of service - economy, tourist, first and deluxe.
7. Leisure time.
• Can you think what happened in the 1930’s to change
leisure time?
• Can you think what new government legislation was
introduced?
• The Pay Act in 1938 meant that leisure time had increased.
• Paid Leisure
• Mass pleasure sites
• Appropriate sites to meet the needs of the market
• Consumer products such as washing machines become more
affordable
• Technological impact TV / White Goods /Boilers.
• Increased affluence and trends
• People have greater leisure time on their hands
• All of the above have underpinned the growth of the UK travel
and tourism industry
8. The holiday camp.
• Aimed at the lower income markets. Camps had new
standards offering 24 hour entertainment at an all
inclusive holiday.
• The most popular appeal was the child-minding service
which gave young people more scope on their holidays.
• Can you think of a famous British organisation?
9. Butlins.
• Taken from 1950’s advertising
• Consider what the USP (Unique Selling Point) of the
advert?
• Who is the target market?
• What is the travel motivator or pull factor?
• What services and amenities are available at Butlins?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7AgmmsFpwsc
10. What do you think the following
images portray? Discuss in pairs.
12. The Holiday camp.
• Homework Case Study:
• You need to produce a PowerPoint on the evolution of
the Holiday Camp using national and international
examples.
• Dates will commence from the 1930’s to date.
• You must highlight the history and show your
understanding of the success of the holiday
camp concept.
• You must show statistics in your presentation
with reference to resources.
• Consider the impact of the Holiday Camp concept.
13. The UK seaside
movement
• Mass tourism between the wars and after WW2 remained
largely domestic and was available and affordable to all
socio classes.
• It remained the most popular destination for the British.
Suntans were for the first time seen as a status symbol.
• Local Governments spent £’s improving the resorts, from
the development of lidos, maintaining old Victorian piers,
cinemas, hotels and the modernisation of the seafront
itself. All of which were adapted to support the number of
visitors that arrived to the coast.
14. UK Seaside
movement.
• Another seaside architectural development, was the
rapidly expanding number of seaside bungalows. These
were prefabricated, containing only two or three rooms.
• They were sold as second homes for couples and families
to use as a permanent base for their holidays. Builders
often stressed the investment potential and likely rental
income as major selling points.
• Blackpool, Scarborough, Skegness, Bournemouth and
Clacton grew rapidly for visitors and home owners
15. The role of the
Government.
• In groups you need to discuss the impacts of the tourism
industry at this time; from 1939 to post war.
16. The Government role.
• Switzerland at this time was already collecting data on tourist
numbers.
• The UK established The British Travel and Holidays
Association , which supported the theme ‘travel for peace’.
• The government noticed the value of the industry to the health
and efficiency of the nation. In 1938 this led to the Pay Act for
Britain. This generated the paid two week holiday. A key
factor to MASS TOURISM.
• Improved technology and standards of living improved across
the developed world.
17. 1950 to 1970.
• Aircraft became safer, faster, cheaper, reliable and more
comfortable.
• Air travel exceeded sea travel, New York to London route
fell from 18 hours to seven as aircraft was considerable
improved. Business travel was on the increase.
• In 1970 we had the first supersonic passenger flight,
mostly use by business and wealthy travellers. The
quickest time was 3.5 hours to NY City.
18. Motorways. 1959.
• A short piece of film about British motorists being
unaccustomed to Motorway driving, 1959 onwards.
• The intended A6(M) that actually got numbered M6, at
just over 8 miles road length near Preston was the actual
first motorway.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=khZQ4xqQJCM
19. • There were some significant economic factors in the late
40’s and 50’s in the UK? What do you think happened?
21. Mass Migration
• In 1948 The Windrush was the first ship to arrive in
Britain with Caribbean migrants
• After the Second World War help was needed to
reconstruct the British economy which required a large
influx of migrant labour. There was a labour skills
shortage so finding a job was easy.
• The1948 Nationality Act encouraged migration, allowing
Commonwealth citizens – British subjects – the right of
entry to England as citizens of ‘the United Kingdom and
Colonies’.
• By the 1970s, an average of 72,000 Commonwealth
migrants were landing in the UK each year.
22. The development of the
Package Tour 1950 to 70.
• Package holidays for the masses were pioneered in 1950 by Vladimir
Raitz, the founder of Horizon.
• In the 1960’s Freddy Laker created the Package Tour from buying bulk,
hotel rooms, own airline and charter flights schedules.
• The initial package holidays from Britain to the Med were from Gatwick,
to Corsica. Horizon and others soon moved into Mallorca and the Costa
Brava. Benidorm was the most popular destination at this time.
• Many early package holiday-makers travelled by coach, but during the
1970s jet aircraft became the standard form of transport to the sun;
second-hand Comets and Boeing 707s were still in service, along with
brand-new BAC 1-11s and Boeing 737s.
• Package holidays began to spread to Greece as it became a very popular,
and before too long holidays were being offered to such exotic
destinations as The Gambia.
23. IPS Survey 1961 to
2010.
• The International Passenger Survey (IPS) collects
information about passengers entering and leaving the
UK, and has been running continuously since 1961
• The IPS conducts between 700,000 and 800,000
interviews a year of which over 250,000 are used to
produce estimates of Overseas Travel and Tourism.
• Interviews are carried out at all major airports and sea
routes, at Eurostar terminals and on Eurotunnel shuttle
trains.
24. Why do we need
statistics?
• The results are primarily used to:
• measure the impact of travel expenditure on the UK
economy
• estimate the numbers and characteristics of migrants into
and out of the UK
• provide information about international tourism and how
it has changed over time
25. Who will use these
statistics?
• The survey results are used by various government
departments, including:
• Office for National Statistics (ONS)
• The Department for Transport
• The Home Office
• HM Revenue and Customs
• VisitBritain
• National and Regional Tourist Boards.
30. Impacts of Tourism.
• Group Work.
• Discuss the impacts of tourism in Benidorm from 1950
to date.
31. SYSTEM APPROACH
• General system theory was defined by a biologist,
Ludwig von Bertalanffy, as:
A set of elements standing in interrelation among
themselves and with the environments.
• Tourism system consists of several interrelated parts
working together to achieve common purposes.
32. The reasons for using a systems approach
for study of tourism
• To emphasize the interdependency in tourism; the tourism system
is like a spider’s web – touch one part are felt throughout the
system.
For a student beginning to study tourism, it is important to get
“the bigger picture” right away. The tourism system model
framework provides a more comprehensive view of tourism: it
captures “the big picture”.
33. Lieper.
• There are three basic elements of Leiper’s model:
• tourists
• geographical elements
• the tourism sector.
• Tourists
• The tourist is the actor in this system. Tourism, after all, is a very human
experience, enjoyed, anticipated and remembered by many as some of the most
important times of their lives.
• Geographical Elements
• Leiper outlines three geographical elements in his model as:
• the traveller-generating region;
• the tourist destination region; and
• the transit route region.
• The traveller-generating region represents the generating market for tourism and,
in a sense, provides the ‘push’ to stimulate and motivate travel. It is from here
that the tourist searches for information, makes the booking and departs.
34. Cont’d.
• The Tourism Sector
• highly important principle of tourism studies: that all the
elements of tourism are related and interact; that, in
essence, we are studying a system of customers and
suppliers who demand and supply tourism products and
services.
35. Interaction of tourist
flows
• . We can detect regular patterns of tourist flows as they do
not occur randomly but follow certain rules, influenced
by a variety of ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors:
36. Push factors
• Push factors are mainly concerned with the stage of
economic development in the generating area and will
include such factors as levels of affluence, mobility, and
holiday entitlement.
• An advanced stage of economic development will give
the population the means to engage in and provide a
strong impetus to travel.
37. Tourist flows.
• Williams and Zelinsky (1970) selected 14 countries that
had relatively stable tourist flows over several years and
which accounted for the bulk of the world’s tourist traffic.
They identified the following factors:
• z distances between countries (the greater the distance,
the smaller the volume of flow);
• z international connectivity (shared business or
cultural ties between countries); and
z the general attractiveness of one country over
another.
38. Pull factors
• Pull factors include accessibility and the attractions and
amenities of the destination area.
• The relative cost of the visit is also important, as is the
effectiveness of marketing and promotion by the
destination.
• Can you think of any more pull factors?
39. Lieper tourism as a
system
• The sytem identifies how the behaviour of people as
tourist creates arrangements of people places and
organisations based on the model. The elements operate
on:
• Physical
• Cultural
• Social
• Economic
• Political
• Technology
40. Lieper’s tourist system model
• Neil Leiper was a tourism scholar who died in February 2010.
1979 his publication analysed tourism systems, tourist
attractions, systems and strategy.
1.Tourists – people who plan and prepare a
visit to another place
2.Geographical regions – generating a region,
create transit routes, to create a tourist
destination.
3.The industry element – the distribution of
travel.
• Essential reading for this topic: Cooper C: ‘An introduction to
Tourism’ Chapter , page 3, Tourism Principles and Practice, 4th
Edition (2009)
41. Lieper’s tourist system (how
it can be used? Any limitations?)
• Leiper defined tourism as:
• the system involving the discretionary travel and
temporary stay of persons away from their usual place of
residence for one or more nights.
• The elements of the system are tourists, generating
regions, transit routes, destination regions and a tourist
industry.
• operates within broader environments: physical, cultural,
social, economic, political, technological with which it
interacts.
42. • Leiper’s tourism model:
1.Tourists- are actors in this system, bring human
experience, enjoy it, there are different types:
2.Geographical elements:
Traveller-generating region – the generating
market for tourism, ‘push’ to motivate travel,
where tourists search and book holiday.
Tourist destination region – demand, the reason
to be there ( culture, adventure, relaxation,
infrastructure, where ‘experience’ takes place,
the impact of tourism and innovations.
43. • Leiper’s tourism model:
Transit region – is not only a short period of time
to travel to reach the destination but also
includes some places which may be visited on
the way.
‘ There is always an interval in a trip when the
traveller feels they have left their home but have
not yet arrived…’ (Leiper, 1990:22)
3. The tourism sector - businesses and
organisations involved in delivering tourism
product/service
44.
45. How can the Leiper’s model help with a ‘way of thinking’ about
tourism? How can we use it?
Class ideas:
46. How can the Leiper’s model help with a ‘way of thinking’ about
tourism? How can we use it?
Class ideas (last year group):
1. Helps to understand tourists’ current behaviour in order to identify
current trends
2. The analysis of the current trends can be used to plan future
business activities (by TAs, TAs, Transport companies and other
businesses)
3. it is a frame which helps to study tourism as a subject
4. Can be used by different companies for analysis and planning
activities (e.g. marketing campaign)
5. Planning your own business ideas
6. Helps to structure ‘Tourism’
47. • Thinking points:
• Look at the model
• If the traveller-generating region can be seen as the
‘push’ to stimulate and motivate travel, and where tourists
are searching and booking their holidays –
• 1. Where is the ’pull’ to visit destinations?
• 2. Where is the full impact of tourism felt the most? Why?
48. . Group activity:
• Mini Case Study 0.1, page 10 ‘The Eco-tourism system’.
Cooper C: ‘Tourism Principles and Practice, 4th Edition
(2009)
• Produce your own mini case study based on the Leiper’s
model
• Discussion and taking notes
