This Presentation is about the various types of ecosystem which is present in our environment.....It is also for students who are interested in this topic
2. What is an ecosystem ?
1. The word ecosystem can be defined as the community of living things which
interact with each other and including with the physical world..
2. The concept of “Ecosystem” was first put forth by A.G Tansely(1985).
3. Ecosystem is the major ecological unit. It has both structure and function.
4. The word ecosystem consists of two words :
Eco: Environment
System: Interaction
4. Natural Ecosystem
Natural Ecosystem is defined as the ecosystem which is capable of
operating and maintain themselves without any major influence with
man..
Natural ecosystem is of two types:
Terrestrial Ecosystem
Aquatic Ecosystem
5. Terrestrial Ecosystem
i. A terrestrial ecosystem is a type of ecosystem found only on
landforms.
ii. The different types of terrestrial ecosystem are:
1. Grassland Ecosystem
2. Forest Ecosystem
3. Desert Ecosystem
4. Tundra Ecosystem
6. Aquatic Ecosystem
An aquatic ecosystem is a ecosystem in a body of water..
In aquatic ecosystem there are two types of ecosystems which are
Fresh water Ecosystem
Eg –
River ecosystem(Lotic Aquatic Ecosystem)
Pond Ecosystem(Lentic Aquatic Ecosystem)
Marine Ecosystem
Eg- Sea ecosystem
7. Artificial Ecosystem or Man –Made Ecosystem
An artificial ecosystem is a human made system of plants, animals, and people living
in an area together with their surroundings.
Eg- Croplands & Aquarium
9. Abiotic Components
Abiotic factors are non-living chemical and physical parts of the
environment that affect living organisms and the functioning of
ecosystem.
There are two types of components:
A. Chemical components:-Source of essential nutrients
Eg- 1. Organic Substance:-Protein, Lipids ,Carbohydrates
2. Inorganic Substance:-All micronutrients(Al,Cu,Co) and
macronutrients(C,H,O,N)
B. Physical Components:-Include energy, climate, raw material and living space
that the biological community needs.
They are useful for growth and maintenance of its member.
Eg:-Soil, Topography, Climate, Sunlight..
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10. Biotic components
The biotic components are the organic compounds and also known as living
component of an ecosystem. There are subdivided into the following group
1. Producers
2. Consumers
3. Decomposers
11. Producers
These are food suppliers to all plants and green trees which are termed as producers.
All the green plants and trees take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, water from the soil,
and sunlight from the sun.
The plants undergo a chemical reaction and it is also known as photosynthesis. During
photosynthesis, plants liberate oxygen into an environment which is essential for life
6Co2+ 12H2o -------Sunlight and chlorophyll---------- C6H12O6+ 6O2+ 6H2o
12. Consumers
Consumers are classified into three groups:
1.Primary Consumers:-They only depend on plants for are also called as
herbivores.
Eg- Cow, Horse
2.Secondary Consumers:-These are animals which depend on herbivore for their
food.
Eg- Frog, Fish
3.Teritary Consumers: These animals depend on primary(Herbivores) and
secondary carnivores for their food.
Eg- Tiger, Lion
4.Ominivores:-Organisms which feed on both plants and animals.
Eg:- Human Beings, Bear
13. Decomposers
Decomposers are the organisms which break down dead or decaying
organisms in order to carry out the natural process of decomposition.
Decomposers are heterotrophs in nature.(Heterotrophs-organism that cannot
manufacture its own food and instead obtains its food and energy by taking in
organic substances, usually plant or animal matter.)
Eg- Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoan
14. Functions of Ecosystems
The functional attributes of the ecosystem keep the components running
together.
It helps in the exchange of energy and nutrients in the food chain.
The primary function of the ecosystem is the manufacture of starch
(Photosynthesis).
Decomposers execute the functions of breaking down complex organic
materials into simple inorganic products, which are used by the producers.
15. Food chain
The transfer of food energy from the source through a series of organisms by repeated
eating and being eaten up is referred as food chains.
In each transfer some energy is lost. Therefore the shorter the food chain, greater the
energy available to that population.
The arrows used in the food chain is used to represent the flow of the energy.
Food chains are of two types
1. Grazing Food Chain:-The grazing food chain starts from the producers. It is the most
common food chain. Their source of energy is sun. Eg-
Grass-----Rabbit------Cat--------Wolf-----------Tiger
2. Detritus Food Chain: The Detritus food chain starts from dead organic matter. The
primary source of energy is dead organic matter. It is shorter than the grazing food chain.
Eg-
Dead organic Matter-------Detrivores------Predators
17. Food web
Food web is a network of food chain which are inter connected at various
trophic levels so as connections to form a number of feeding connections
among different organisms of a biotic community.
Food web provides
1. Accurate picture of feeding relationship
2. Stability to an ecosystem
3. Helps in checking over population
A food web consists of all the food chain within a particular ecosystem..
19. Energy flow in a Ecosystem
The flow of energy in an ecosystem is unidirectional..
The solar radiation is the basic input of energy for the flow of energy in the
ecosystem.
The radiant energy of the sun is converted into chemical or potential energy.
At the first trophic level, primary producers use solar energy to produce organic
material through photosynthesis.
The herbivores at the second trophic level, use the plants as food which gives them
energy
The carnivores at the next trophic level, feed on the herbivores and derive energy
for their sustenance and growth.
Decomposers which include bacteria, fungi, molds, worms, and insects break down
wastes and dead organisms, and return the nutrients to the soil, which is then taken
up by the producers.
Energy is not recycled during decomposition, but it is released.
21. Ecological Pyramids
An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation of an ecological parameter
like number, biomass, and energy depicted in a systematic and stepwise
manner in an ecosystem.
The ecological pyramid was initially developed by Charles Elton in 1927.
Three types of pyramids may be performed per each ecosystem and they are
as follows:
1.Pyramid of numbers
2.Pyramid of biomass
3.Pyramid of energy
22. Pyramid of Numbers
It is the graphic representation of number of individuals per
unit area of various trophic levels.
Large number of producers tend to form the base whereas
lower number of top predators or carnivores occupy the tip.
The shape of the pyramid of numbers varies from
ecosystem to ecosystem.
24. Pyramid of Biomass
It represents the graphical representation of biomass present per unit area in
different trophic levels.
Pyramid of biomass is generally as certained by gathering all organisms
occupying each trophic level separately and measuring their dry weight.
Each trophic level has a certain mass of living material at a particular time
called standing crop, which is measured as the mass of living organisms
(biomass) or the number in a unit area.
26. Pyramid of energy
Pyramid of energy is the graphical representation of amount of energy
trapped in different trophic levels per unit time and area of a food chain.
The direction of energy is always upright.
In the pyramid structure energy level increases from bottom to top. Here,
producers have high energy level and the consumers have low energy level.
28. Limitations of Ecological Pyramid
It only considers a simple food chain .
It does not accommodate a food web.
Decomposers are not given any place in ecological pyramids..
29. Source of Information
https://www.slideshare.net/saravanamani1/ecosystem-50288615
https://www.slideshare.net/kumar_vic/ecosystem-
18721972?next_slideshow=1
https://studymafia.org/ecosystem-ppt-powerpoint-presentation-pdf-
download/
Environmental Studies-Deeksha Dave
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