1. B U I L D I N G S E R V I C E S
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
AIR COND SYSTEM
ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM
MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS
ADILA ZAAS
0310417
GERTRUDE LEE
0306265
KEE TING TING
0310019
NASREEN HAJIBEIGY
0310538
SONIA MANYIE
0801A65704
YASEEN SYED
0309021

2. CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Mechanical Ventilation and Air Cond System
2.2 Electrical Supply System
2.3 Fire Protection System
3.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
3.1 Introduction and Function
3.2 Components of System
3.3 UBBL requirement or related regulations
3.4 Images and diagrams of the system
3.5 Conclusion
4.0 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM
4.1 Introduction and Function
4.2 Components of System
4.3 UBBL requirement or related regulations
4.4 Images and diagrams of the system
4.5 Conclusion

3. 5.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
5.1 Introduction and Function
5.2 Components of System
5.3 UBBL requirement or related regulations
5.4 Images and diagrams of the system
5.5 Conclusion
6.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
6.1 Literature Review
6.2 Introduction and Function
6.3 Components of System
6.4 UBBL requirement or related regulations
6.5 Images and diagrams of the system
6.6 Conclusion
7.0 GENERAL CONCLUSION

4. INTRODUCTION
1.0

5. Figure 1
Landscape in PJ
Trade Centre (Top)
Figure 2
Section drawing of PJ
Trade Centre (bottom)
1.1 A MALAYSIA PARADIGM
PJ Trade Centre (Figure 1), completed in February 2009 was designed
by the developer of TujuanGemilangSdn. Bhd. The project was spearheaded
by its executive chairman Ahmad Khalif Mustapha Kamal. (Poh,2009) Its sur-
rounding landscape however, was planned and designed by Seksan Design.
The expansion concept is based on Malaysian context of heat, humidity, ma-
terials, and construction practices, and inspired by the weaving of “songket”,
“batik” and “tenun”.
Built on 5.4 acres of land, in the centre of Bandar DamansaraPerdana,
Petaling Jaya, the 4 Towers (Menara Mustapha Kamal, Menara Bata, Menara-
Hasil and MenaraGamuda), consists of 21 to 21 floors each.
1

6. LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.0

7. 2.1 MECHANICAL VENTILATION AND AIR COND SYSTEM
According to Roger Greeno, ventilation is simply defined as the process
of changing air in an enclosed space. A proportion of air within the enclosed
space should be continuously withdrawn and replaced by fresh air
(Greeno,1997).
2.1.1 MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Mechanical Ventilation which has been used widely starting from
twentieth century, fan-assisted movement of air has largely helped the natural
system. The components include fan, filters, ductwork, fire dampers and
diffusers.There are 4 categories of fans which are cross flow, propeller, axial
flow and centrifugal. Next, filters are fuctioned to eliminate suspended
particles. It is place at the cover of air entry into ventilation system.
Morever, ductwork is created to channel outside air towards the room
or the air from the room towards the outside. It is usually produced in circular,
square or rectangular form. In addition, there is also fire damper that needed in
case of fire event. It must integrate provision for automatic closure in the event
of fire.
Lastly, diffusers range from simple perforated plates and grilles to the
more complex and efficient coned air distributors. It is placed at the border of
the ductwork where the air is released into the space.
2

8. 2.1.2 AIR COND SYSTEM
Air conditioning served to produce and maintain a programmed internal
environment, despite of external conditions. To achieve these design criteria,
equipment will include facilities to control of temperature, humidity, air clean-
liness, air movement and heat radiation. To conclude, it is to achieve human
thermal comfort which can be programmed between 19 and 23 degree Celsius
and relative humidity within 40-60 per cent band. Choice of system will depend
on building purpose and degree of occupancy (Greeno,1997). They fall into
three categories: -
1. Room Air Conditioner
2. Split Unit Air Conditioning System
3. Packaged Unit Air Conditioning System
4. Centralized/Plant Air Conditioning System
1. Room Air Conditioner
Room Air Condition is the basic design of air conditioning system and it
is only suitable for small space. It is usually set up at windows or openings to
ensure the air release to the environment easily.
2. Split Unit Air Conditioning System
Split Unit packages are divided into two component that are the fan coil
and condensing unit. Fan coil is an air-handling unit contains a filter fan, evap-
orator (cold) coil and the expansion or regulating valve. As for the condensing
unit, it contains the condenser (hot) coil, fan and compressor pump. It is the
most popular system nowadays as it looks elegantly beautiful, silent operation
and require no windows or openings.
3. Packaged Unit Ait Conditioning System
Packaged air conditioning units is a factory manufactured to suit range
of uses. It is an advancement from single unit system to complement a build-
ing’s characteristics. The advantage is they are rarely been wrapped as they
look aesthetically contemporary style.
4. Centralized/Plant Air Conditioning System
Central plant system commonly used in big buildings with commer-
cial and offices uses. It has the limitation of same air quality being delivered
throughout the building. The temperature of each element can be controlled
with zoned thermostats.
3

9. 2.2 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM
2.2.1 Literature Review
Electric power supply system in a country comprises of generating units
that produce electricity; high voltage transmission lines that transport electricity
over long distances; distribution lines that deliver the electricity to consumers;
substations that connect the pieces to each other; and energy control centers
to coordinate the operation of the components.
The maintenance of a secure supply is an important consideration for
any electrical engineer or supply authority because electricity plays a vital part
in an industrial society, and a loss of supply may cause inconvenience, financial
loss or danger to the consumer or the public. The principle employed with a
ring system is that any consumer’s substation is fed from two directions, and
by carefully grading the overload and cable protection equipment a fault can
be disconnected without loss of supply to other consumers.
Figure 3
Simple Electric Supply
System with
Transmission and
Distribution Network
and Linkages from
Electricity Sources to
End-User.
4

10. In Malaysia, 59% of the electrical supply system was owned by Tenaga
Nasional Berhad (TNB) and the remaining 41% by Independent Power
Producers (IPP).
Figure 4
Association of Various
Parties in Grid Codewith
the Grid System
5

11. Figure 5
Association of Various
Parties in Grid Codewith
the Grid System
6

12. Figure 6
Malaysia Electricity
Supply in the Industry
Structure (Simplified)
7

13. 2.3 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Active Fire Protection System
An integral part of fire protection. AFP is characterised by items and/or
systems, which require a certain amount of motion and response in order to
work, contrary to passive fire protection.
Passive Fire Protection System
An integral component of the three components of structural fire
protection and fire safety in a building. PFP attempts to contain fires or slow
the spread, through use of fire-resistant walls, floors, and doors (amongst
other examples). PFP systems must comply with the associated Listing and
approval use and compliance in order to provide the effectiveness expected by
building codes.
2.3.1 PASSIVE FIRE SYSTEM
Compartmentation
It is designed to contain the area of the starting point of the fire.It
approach proves atleast some protection for the rest of the building and its
occpants,even if other fire prevention systems are installed and failed.This
delays the spread of the fire,before the fire brigade arrives. Halls and landing
are separated from staircases to avoid the fire travelling vertically up stairwalls.
This prevents different floors from being affected.There are usually some
limitations to the compartmentation lines as over compartmentation incur
hardships during daily use.
Structural Integrity during a Fire
This is the protection of the structural stability before the fire.It ensure
safety and stability during the fire and ensures that the building doesn’t
collapse.
Smoke Movement
The volume of combustion products entrained in a rising plume is
relatively small compared with the volume of air in the total misture.
Consequently, the smoke produced by a fire will approximate the volume of
air drawn into the rising plume. These smoke are a mixture of hot vapors and
gases produced by the combustion process along with unburned
8

14. decomposition and condensation matter and the quantity of air that is
entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass.
Evacuation of Occupants
Fire drills should involve all occupants, as everyone should leave the
building when the fire alarm sounds. It is critical for building personnel and
floor wardens to be familiar with the fire alarm sequence, including the first and
second stage alarms, their associated audible signals, and the duties to be
carried out at each point in a fire emergency. Emphasis should be placed on
a safe and orderly evacuation, rather than speed. Occupants should close but
not lock doors as they leave their room or office. If there are concerns
regarding confidential papers or other materials, the evacuation plan should
include securing articles in a lockable filing cabinet or desk.
2.3.2 ACTIVE FIRE SYSTEM
The main point of fire protection is to identify a developing fire
emergency in a timely manner, and to alert the building’s occupants and fire
emergency organizations. This is the role of fire detection and alarm systems.
Depending on the anticipated fire scenario, building and use type, number and
type of occupants, and criticality of contents and mission, these systems can
provide several main functions.
SPRINKLER SYSTEMS:
For most fires, water represents the ideal extinguishing agent. Fire
sprinklers utilize water by direct application onto flames and heat, which causes
cooling of the combustion process and prevents ignition of adjacent combustibles.
They are most effective during the fire’s initial flame growth stage, while the fire is
relatively easy to control.
Fire sprinkler systems are actually heat activated, one sprinkler head at a
time, and most fires usually require only one or two sprinklers to be extinguished.
FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS:
Fire extinguishing systems are commonly used to protect areas containing
valuable or critical equipment such as data processing rooms, telecommunication
switches, and process control rooms. Their main function is to quickly extinguish a
developing fire and alert occupants before extensive damage occurs by filling
9

15. the protected area with a gas or chemical extinguishing agent. Usually they can be
found at exits, where they are easy to get hold of, in the case of an emergency.
There are a few different types of fire extinguishers:
1.ABC-RATED DRY CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHERS
2.WATER EXTINGUISHERS:
3.CO2 CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHERS:
4.CLASS D EXTINGUISHERS:
5.FIRE MONITOR EXTINGUISHER SYSTEM:
WATER SPRAY EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS:
Stationary water spray extinguishing systems are permanently installed
systems with open nozzles that use water as an extinguishing agent. They can
be activated manually and/or automatically. An additional mechanical,
hydraulic, pneumatic or electrical triggering system is required for automatic
activation.
COMPRESSED AIR FOAM SYSTEMS:
A compressed air foam system is defined as a standard water pumping
system that has an entry point where compressed air can be added to a foam
solution to generate foam. The air compressor also provides energy, which,
gallon for gallon, propels compressed air foam farther than aspirated or stan-
dard water nozzles.
CARBON DIOXIDE SUPRESSION SYSTEMS:
The mechanisms by which carbon dioxide extinguishes fire are rather
well known. If we go back to the familiar fire triangle, we realize that an
interaction between fuel, oxygen and heat is necessary to produce a fire
condition. When these three elements are present in a proper relationship, fire
will result. Carbon dioxide extinguishes fire by physically attacking all three
points of the fire triangle. The primary attack is on the oxygen content of the
atmosphere. The introduction of CO2 into the fire zone displaces sufficient
oxygen in the atmosphere to extinguish the open burning. At the same time,
the extinguishing process is aided by a reduction in the concentration of
gasified fuel in the fire area. And finally, CO2 does provide some cooling in the
fire zone to complete the extinguishing process.
10

16. MECHANICAL VENTILATION
&
AIR COND SYSTEM
3.0

17. 3.1 PROLOGUE
Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning system have always been
the main source in controlling air temperature, air humidity, air circulation and air
quality. For PJ Trade Centre, the concept is mainly towards greeneries and natural
ventilation thus, the usage of mechanical air conditioning system is minimized in
every building. Nevertheless, necessary data was gathered to help us in achieving
a thorough research on building services as well as in approaching it through a
sustainable way.
For the air conditioning system, Tower B (Bata) uses the Split Unit Air
Conditioning system while Tower A and C uses the Centralized System. Moreover,
Tower A and C are under one owner (Gamuda) unlike Tower B which is under one
owner. Therefore, there are different opinions in approaching the usage of the Air
Conditioning System in PJ Trade Centre.
As for the Mechanical Ventilation System, the building covered most of the
components that we have learned in class. It is crucial to insert the mechanical
ventilation, especially in the basement, kitchen and toilet. The main purpose of
mechanical ventilation is to cool the individual rooms, fireproof and filter small
substances. Moreover, it is to preserve oxygen content (maintained 21% of air
volume) and to remove carbon dioxide.
11

18. 3.2.1 INTRODUCTION AND FUNCTION
Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning system have always been the
main sources for controlling air temperature, air humidity, air circulation and air
quality. As for PJ Trade Centre, their concept is mainly towards greeneries and
natural ventilation, thus the usage of mechanical air conditioning system been min-
imize in every buildings. Nevertheless, we did gather necessary data to help us in
achieving building services foundation as well as approaching it in greeneries way.
In air conditioning system, Tower B (Bata) use Split Unit Air Conditioning
system while Tower A and C use Centralized System. Moreover, Tower A and C
are under one owner (Gamuda) unlike Tower B which is under one owner. There
are two approach of Air Conditioning System in PJ Trade Centre because different
owner have their own opinion.
As for Mechanical Ventilation System, the building covered most of the
components that we learned in class. It is really important aspect to insert me-
chanical ventilation especially in the basement room, kitchen and toilet. The main
purpose of mechanical ventilation is to cool individual room, fireproof and filter
small substances. Moreover, it is to preserve oxygen content (maintained 21% of
air volume) and to remove carbon dioxide.
3.2 MECHANICAL VENTILATON
12

19. 3.3.1 Ducting System
In PJ Trade Centre, ducting systems are usually exposed and visible. Now-
adays, it is a trend to not hide ducting systems as it can be quite aesthetically
pleasing. The function of duct system requires the exchange of indoor air which in
take the warm air from the spaces and distribute AHU room. Duct system consists
of ducts component itself, diffusers, return air grilles, and fire dampers.
All the ducting system in PJTC are insulated to reduce heat loss and re-
duce installation cost. In figure ? it can be seen that ductworks been branches
from AHU and to the allocated space especially basement parking. Moreover, a
loud noise could be heard when the operator been switched on. The ducts that
they use are rectangular shapes and size range are 1m x 1.5m.
At the back of AHU (Air Handling Unit), we could see Axial Fan to exhaust
the air from AHU via ducting. It consists of several aerofoil cross sections blades
mounted on a motor driven central shaft
3.3 Components of System
Figure 7
Malaysia Electricity
Supply in the Industry
Structure (Simplified)
13

20. Figure 8
Main Ducting in Air
Handling Room
Figure 9
Ducting component
in parking lot area
Figure 10
Axial Fan behind Air
Handling Unit Room
14

21. 3.3.2 Extract Ventilation
The advanced system of extract ventilation are equipped with ductwork
attached to the extract fan, with hoods or outlet grilles strategically located.
Figure 11 shows how it has been set up in fire pump room. Ductwork is accom-
modated with fresh air inlets in marginal locations. In addition, it functions to
prevent cross-flow of noise, odours, and smoke through extract fan. More details
of the components can be seen through figure 12, 13 and 14.
Figure 11
Extract ventilation
in Fire Room ( G Floor )
15

22. Figure 12
Location of fire room
and extract system in
Ground Floor
Figure 13
Extract Ventilation to
Fire Room.
16

23. Figure 14
Example figure of smoke
excape to extract fan
17

24. 3.3.3 Pressurization and Exhaust System for Fire Protection
A pressurization system is to maintain positive pressure in certain spaces to
prevent smoke entering from adjacent areas. In PJTC, we could relate this system
mostly located in protected stairways.
A pressurization consists of three components which are Supply Air (to
transfer the air into specific spaces), Pressure Relief (to prevent from exceed pres-
sure) and Air Release (air and smoke are released from the adjacent fire area). Due
to all these components, it forms a positive pressure difference to prevent smoke
enter lobbies and staircase area.
It is advisable to separate supply air fan from exhaust louvres at least 5m
measured from the edge of the exhaust louvres housing. This will prevent the pos-
sibility of smoke shift into the supply air shaft.
Next, it is important to install sets of motor-fans that suck air into the stair-
well. In PJTC, the motor-fans is located in basement as shown in figure ? to pre-
vent infiltration of smoke in the event of fire. The outside air is captured throughout
a cover up that has a particle filter.
Figure 15
Location of centrifugal
fan, fire damper and
circular ductwork
18

25. Figure 16
Fire damper placed in
staircase area
Figure 17
Circular ductwork
placed in basement
level
Figure 18
Centrifugal Fan placed
on rooftop area
19

26. As for basic application is provision of a propeller fan over a void in an
external wall. In figure ? it been placed in water handling room to release
unpleasant or contaminated air situation. It doesn’t require any ductwork as it can
stand on it owns with several steel or plastic blades mounted at a right angle to a
central boss. In addition, there is also fire damper plates in case occur any smoke
release in the space too.
Figure 19
Propeller fan and fire
damper in water system
room on rooftop,
20

27. Figure 20
Propeller Fan in Water
System Room
Figure 21
Fire Damper outside
water system room
21

28. 3.4.1 Function of Air-conditioning system:
The main purpose of commercial HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air
conditioning) systems is to provide the people working inside buildings with
“conditioned” air so that they will have a comfortable and safe work environment.
“Conditioned” air means that air is clean and odor-free, and the temperature,
humidity, and movement of the air are within certain comfort ranges.
3.4 Types and Function of Air Conditioning System
22

29. 3.4.2 Types of Air-conditioning system:
In Block B, the types of air conditioning system that is split unit air
conditioning system. Whereas, for Block A, Block C and Block D (Based on the
plan in Diagram 1.1), centralized unit air conditioning systems are the system that
they are using now. The reason of Block B using different kind of system than the
other three blocks is Block B is owned by a few owners. So, to be fair in paying
the bills, the owners decided to install split air conditioning system. While for Block
A, Block C and Block D, to cool the whole building, the best system is the
centralized air conditioning system.
Figure 22
The yellow zones
indicated the areas in
Block B are used split
unit air
conditioning
system. The red zones
indicated the areas in
Block A, Block C and
Block D are used
centralized unit air
conditioning
system.
Elevation (left),
Plan (right).
23

30. For split unit air conditioner, it comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit
(based on Figure 1.2) and the indoor unit (based on Figure 1.1). The outdoor unit,
fitted outside the room, components like the compressor, condenser and expan-
sion valve. The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the cool-
ing fan. A split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms. For this unit
you don’t have to make any slot in the wall of the room.
Figure 23
Outdoor unit (right)
Indoor unit (left) of split
air conditioning system
24

31. Outdoor unit (based on the right side of 24):
The compressor is the maximum noise making part of the air conditioner, and
since in the split air conditioner, it is located outside the room, the major source of
noise is eliminated. In the outdoor unit there is a fan that blows air over the con-
denser thus cooling the compressed Freon gas in it. This gas passes through the
expansion coil and gets converted into low pressure, low temperature partial gas
and partial liquid Freon fluid.
Indoor unit (based on the left side of Figure 24):
It houses the evaporator coil or the cooling coil, a long blower and the filter. After
passing from the expansion coil, the chilled Freon fluid enters the cooling coil. The
blower sucks the hot, humid and filtered air from the room and it blows it over the
cooling coil. As the air passes over cooling coil its temperature reduces drastically
and also loses the excess moisture.
3.5 Components of the split unit air conditioning system
Figure 24
The components of
indoor and outdoor
unit.
25

32. Compressor (Based on Figure 25):
Compresses the refrigerant from low pressure (low temperature) to high
pressure (high temperature). This conversion raises the boiling point to higher
temperature levels, facilitating elimination of the heat brought by the outdoor air.
Condenser (Based on Figure 26):
This component receives gas at high pressure and high temperature from
the compressor. In air-cooled condensers, the metallic surfaces cool the gas
which changes status and turns to liquid. In the case of water-cooled condensers,
it is the circulation of the water that produces the same cooling effect.
Figure 25
The compressor
Figure 26
Condenser
26

33. Evaporator (Based on Figure 27):
When the refrigerant evaporates in the evaporator, it absorbs heat from the
surrounding air and produces cooled air.
Capillary tube (Based on Figure 28):
A narrowing of the tube connected along the line between the condenser
and the evaporator with diameters ranging from 1 to 2 mm. and lengths ranging
between 1 and 2 m, allows the adjustment of the amount of gas fed to the
evaporator.
Figure 27
The evaporator.
Figure 28
The capillary tube
27

34. Electrical parts:
Electric and electronic components needed by the various air conditioner
functions.
Indoor fan (Based on Figure 29):
It exhausts air from the indoor environment and conveys it through the
evaporator; the air is now cool and distributed back into the environment.
Outdoor fan (Based on Figure 30):
This causes the air to circulate through the condenser in order to cool the
refrigerant.
Figure 29
The cross-flow fan and
radial fan
Figure 30
The axial fan
28

35. 3.5.1 Operations of system: -
The outdoor unit is installed on or near the wall outside of the room or
space that you wish to cool. The unit houses the compressor, condenser coil and
the expansion coil. The sleek-looking indoor unit contains the cooling coil, a long
blower and an air filter. (based on Diagram 1.3)
The split unit air conditioner pumps heat from inside to outside is through
the refrigeration cycle, a thermodynamic cycle involving a special fluid - the
refrigerant - that undergoes phase changes (between liquid and vapour), pressure
changes, and temperature changes.
Based on diagram 1.3, notice that the diagonal line shows which parts are inside
the house and which parts are outside. According to author (Allison Bailes), the
four stages of the refrigeration cycle are:-
1. Evaporator Coil
This is where the refrigerant picks up heat from inside the house. The evaporator
coil is a copper tube, which carries the refrigerant, embedded in a framework of
aluminium fins. Using this configuration, the refrigerant is connected to a lot of
surface area that makes contact with the air blowing over it, which aids heat
transfer from the air to the refrigerant. The most common geometry is the A-coil
(Based on Figure 1.10), but there have flat coils and N-coils in some units as well.
Figure 31
The refrigerate flows of
the split unit air
conditioning system
29

36. The refrigerant comes into the evaporator coil as a liquid at a low
temperature and low pressure. The air handler’s fan (aka the blower) blows air
from the house across the coil. The evaporator coil is cold (about 40° F), and the
air from the house is warm (about 75° F, depending on where you set your
thermostat). Heat flows from warmer to cooler, so the air temperature drops, and
the refrigerant picks up the heat lost by the air. This is the second law of
thermodynamics in action.
In addition to getting warmer, the refrigerant also changes phase here. It’s
called the evaporator coil, after all, so the cold liquid refrigerant coming in
evaporates and becomes a vapour. Phase changes are a great way to transfer
heat because it takes a lot more heat to cause a phase change (especially
between liquid an vapour) than it does to change the temperature of a material.
Thus, when the refrigerant starts boiling, it really sucks up the Btu’s (British
Thermal Units).
Figure 32
The picture of the
A-coil
30

37. When the refrigerant reaches the outdoor part of your air conditioner
(based on Figure 1.11), the compressor squishes the refrigerant down to a smaller
volume, thus increasing the pressure and the temperature. The refrigerant has to
be warmer than the outside air. The other is that the compressor is the pump that
moves the refrigerant through the system.
PMV electromagnetic valve
pressure
suction
rotor
Figure 33
The components of
compressor
31

38. When the high pressure, high temperature, vaporized refrigerant leaves the
compressor, it enters the condenser coil. Again, it’s a copper tube embedded in
aluminium fins that allows for efficient heat transfer. A fan inside the condensing
unit pulls outdoor air through the sides of the coil and blows it out the top of the
unit. Because of the work the compressor did, the refrigerant is hotter than the
outdoor air. The second law of thermodynamics kicks in here, and heat flows from
the warmer refrigerant to the cooler outdoor air blowing over the condenser coil.
In the evaporator coil, refrigerant changes from liquid to vapour at a relatively low
temperature. Pressure changes affect the boiling/condensation point temperature.
After returning to the liquid state, the refrigerant travels through the liquid line (the
hot, not insulated copper tube) back to the indoor part of the air conditioner.
4. Expansion Valve
Once the refrigerant gets back to the indoor unit, it passes through the
expansion valve, and the magic of the refrigeration cycle happens here. The high
pressure, relatively warm liquid runs into a constriction that doesn’t allow the
refrigerant to pass through easily. As a result, when the liquid does get through to
the other side, it finds itself in a much lower pressure.
Figure 34
The image of
condenser coil
32

39. After passing through the expansion valve (based on Diagram 1.4), the
refrigerant goes directly into the evaporator coil, and the cycle begins anew.
Figure 35
The expansion valve
are shown
33

40. 3.6 Components of the Centralize Unit Air Conditioning System
For centralized unit air conditioner, it is used for cooling big buildings,
houses, offices, entire hotels, gyms, movie theatres, factories etc. If the whole
building is to be air conditioned, HVAC engineers find that putting individual units
in each of the rooms is very expensive making this a better option. A central air
conditioning system is comprised of a huge compressor that has the capacity to
produce hundreds of tons of air conditioning. The central air conditioning system
is a plant room where large compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion valve
and the evaporator are kept in the large plant room.
Figure 36
The cooling tower that
placed on the rooftop.
34

41. Air Handling Unit (AHU)
It is used to condition and circulate air as part of an HVAC system. An
air handler usually contains a blower, heating or cooling elements, filter racks
or chambers, sound attenuators, and dampers. Air handlers usually connect to
ductwork that distribute the conditioned air through the building and return it to
the AHU.Small air handlers are called terminal units, and may only include an air
filter, coil, and blower. These smaller units are also called blower coils or fan coil
units.
Figure 37
AHU components
35

42. All the components of AHU (Based on Figure 1.14) perform all the functions
as usual similar to a typical refrigeration system. However, all these parts are larger
in size and have higher capacities. The compressor is of open reciprocating type
with multiple cylinders and is cooled by the water just like the automobile engine.
The compressor and the condenser are of shell and tube type. While in the small
air conditioning system capillary is used as the expansion valve, in the central air
conditioning systems thermostatic expansion valve is used.
The chilled is passed via the ducts to all the rooms, halls and other spaces
that are to be air conditioned. Thus in all the rooms there is only the duct passing
the chilled air and there are no individual cooling coils, and other parts of the
refrigeration system in the rooms. What is we get in each room is the completely
silent and highly effective air conditions system in the room. Further, the amount of
chilled air that is needed in the room can be controlled by the openings depending
on the total heat load inside the room.
Figure 38
The working systems of
AHU components.
36

43. Figure 39
Air filter
Figure 40
Monitoring Gauge
Figure 41
Sound insulation panel
for AHU room
37

44. Plant room
The plant room comprises of the important parts of the refrigeration
system, the compressor and the condenser. The compressor can be either
semi-hermetically sealed or open type. The semi-hermetically sealed compressors
are cooled by the air, which is blown by the fan, while open type compressor is
water cooled. The open compressor can be driven directly by motor shaft by
coupling or by the belt via pulley arrangement.
The condenser is of shell and tube type and is cooled by the water. The
refrigerant flows along the tube side of the condenser and water along the shell
side, which enables faster cooling of the refrigerant. The water used for cooling the
compressor and the condenser is cooled in the cooling tower kept at the top of
the plant room, though it can be kept at other convenient location also.
Figure 42
The components in
plant room
38

45. Water Chiller
It is a water-cooled air conditioning system that cools inside air, creating a
more comfortable and productive environment. Chillers are also used in the
manufacturing environment to provide “process” cooling to equipment in an effort
to maximize productivity.
With large facilities, such as commercial buildings, hospitals, universities,
government facilities and theme parks, the cost of energy to generate cooling in
excess of 50 tons is cost prohibitive with air-cooled units. Water-cooled chillers
produce higher tonnage at lower costs per ton, creating greater energy efficiency.
A typical home has 3-5 tons of cooling capacity.
Chillers circulate chilled water to air-handlers in order to transfer heat from
air to water. This water then returns to the evaporator side of the chiller where the
heat is passed from the water to a liquid refrigerant (freon). The refrigerant leaves
the evaporator as a cold vapour and enters the compressor where it is
compressed into a hot vapour. Upon leaving the compressor, the vapour enters
the condenser side of the chiller where heat is transferred from the
refrigerant to the water side of the condenser where it is circulated to an open
cooling tower for the final removal of heat via evaporation in the cooling tower.
Figure 43
The systems of water
chiller components
39

46. 3. 7 UBBL Requirement or Related Regulations:
-Water closets, toilets, lavatories, bathrooms, latrines, urinals or similar
rooms or enclosures used for ablutions which are situated in the
intermal portions of the building and in respect of which no such
external walls (or those overlooking verandahs, pavements or
walkways) are present, shall be provided with air-conditioning having a
minimum of fresh air change at the rate of 0.61 cmm per square metre
of floor area of ten air changes per hour, whichever is the lower.
-Where room, windows, or wall, air-conditioning units are provided as
means of air-conditioning, such units shall be capable of continuously
introducing fresh air.
40

47. 3.8 Conclusion:
Based on my observations, for Block B, I think that the
mechanical worker done a very good job as they installed the outdoor
unit in some minor observing area such as basement, the corner of
the space, the outside and so on to allow users or customers to have
a comfortable vision. Besides that, it is to enhance the aesthetic
appeal and do not take up as much space as a window unit.
Besides that, the roof and basement are the usual choice for
these central station systems. Though my observation, for Block A,
Block C and Block D, the centralized unit air conditioning system are
placed on the top floor and rooftop. The placing of it is excellent as
rooftop has the advantage of easy utility connections, noise isolation,
and not being valuable rental area.
41

48. ELECTRICAL SUPPLY
SYSTEM
4.0

49. 4.1 UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS
(Licensed to Malaysian Standard MS1525:2014)
The purpose for this Malaysian Standard in terms of
power and distribution system is to minimize losses in
electrical power distribution and equipment which would
increase energy efficiency. Some of the laws are below:
• Power factor correction capacitors
Power factor correction capacitors should be the low loss
type with losses per kVAR not exceeding 0.35 W at upper
temperature limit excluding the losses in the discharge
resistors.
• Sub Metering
To facilitate monitoring of energy consumption and energy
management, electrical energy meters should be installed at
strategic load centers to identify consumption by functional
use (air conditioning, lighting, etc.).
The electricity supply and installation practice in
Peninsular Malaysia are governed by the following:-
1. Electricity Supply Act 1990 – Act 447
2. Licensee Supply Regulations 1990
3. Electricity Regulations 1994
4. Customer Charter – refer to TNB website (www.tnb.
com.my)
42

50. 4.2 Electrical Components
Electrical systems are significant in today’s world and in many cases it is absolutely
necessary that they do not fail. Designers of these systems must be aware of the
various points of failure and how to deal with these problems via a sound design.
Unlike mechanical parts, electrical components generally do not wear out per se.
Components tend to drift over time and can cause problems with sensitive de-
signs. Furthermore when combined with environmental effects,
transient stresses, corrosion, vibration and temperature are of extreme concern.
The electrical components found in PJ Trade Centre will be divided into
three categories:
• Active
An active component works as an alternating-current circuit in a device, which
works to increase the active power, voltage or current. An active component is
able to do this because it is powered by a source of electricity that is separate
from the electrical signal.
• Semiconductors
• Display Technologies
• Power Sources
• Passive
Passive components are those that do not require electrical power to operate and
store or maintain Energy in the form of Voltage or Current
• Resistors
• Capacitors
• Magnetic
• Electromechanical
Electromechanical components carries out its electrical operations by using mov-
ing parts or electrical connections.
• Switches
• Terminals and Connectors
• Cables and Assemblies
• Protection Devices
• Mechanical Accessories
43

51. Active Components – Semiconductors
1.Diodes
A diode is a discrete component that allows current to flow in one direction
only. A diode can protect against current flowing the wrong way if the battery is
put in back to front.
2. Transistors
A transistor is an electronic component used in a circuit to control a
large amount of current or voltage with a small amount of voltage or current.
Smaller in size, the transistor could easily be manufactured cheaply in large
quantities.
Figure 44
Diode
Figure 45
Transistors
44

52. 3.Integrated Circuit
An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a microchip, is a semi-
conductor in which, thousands and millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and
transistors are fabricated. An IC can function as an amplifier, timer, counter,
computer memory, or microprocessor.
Active Components – Power Sources
1. Battery
Electrochemical cells either create chemical changes by the action of
an electric current such as in an electrolytic cell, or create electric currents
by the action of chemical changes.
Figure 46
Intergrated Circuit
Figure 47
Battery
45

53. Passive Components – Resistors
Resistors are the most commonly used component in electronics and
their purpose is to create specified values of current and voltage in a circuit.
Electromechanical Components - Terminal and Connectors
Electromechanical Components - Terminal and Connectors
1. Type G Socket
Five properties of this socket:
• Three rectangular blades in a triangular pattern
• Grounded
• 13A
• 220 – 240V
• Compatible with plug type G
Figure 48
Resistor
Figure 49
Type G Socket
46

54. 1. Junction Box
There are two functions of a junction box:
• Present a neater means of concealing electrical junctions. The presence of
the box is generally regarded as both practical and more esthetically pleasing than
a bunch of exposed electrical wires
• Providing a degree of protection for the wiring interface at various junction
points. It can also help contain sparks in the event that one of the junctions over-
loads for some reason, and thus limit the amount of damage that is caused.
Electromechanical Components - Protection Devices
The distribution boardis a panel or enclosure that houses the fuses, circuit
breakers, and ground leakage protection units used to distribute electrical
power to numerous individual circuits or consumer points. The core function of
any distribution board is to allow individual circuits to draw power from correctly
rated circuit breakers and for those circuits to be isolated without causing a
disruption to the rest of the supply. Most importantly though, the distribution board
offers protection to users and equipment from electrical shock or fire resulting from
ground faults.
Figure 50
Junction Box
Figure 51
Left - Distribution
Board Panel (Closed)
Right - Distribution
Board Panel (Open)
47

55. Introduction To PJ Trade Centre
In PJ Trade Centre, the main electrical rooms are situated on the Basement
7. This section will introduce the function and design considerations through
observations of each room. For safety, every main electrical room such as the
Main Switch Room,Low Voltage Switch Room and Gen Set Room has an
alternative emergency exit door and carbon dioxide tanks in case of a fire
emergency.
Figure 52
site specifications of
the electrical rooms on
Basement 7 through a
section of Tower B
48

56. The substation is an assemblage of electrical components that are
connected in a definite sequence in which a circuit can be switched off manually
or automatically. The substation receives electrical power from generating
station via incoming transmission lines and delivers electrical power via the
outgoing transmission lines.
There are four types of substations:
1. Transmission Substation
2. Distribution Substation
3. Collector Substation
4. Switching Substation
Every Substation has the following parts and equipment:
1. Outdoor switchyard
2. Main office building
3. Switchgear and Control panel
4. Battery room and D.C Distribution System
5. Mechanical, Electrical and other auxiliaries (firefighting system, oil
purification system, Diesel generator set)
TNB Substation
Figure 53
TNB substation in PJ
Trade Centre
49

57. The main switch room is situated on Basement 7. Switchboard is
regarded as the main hub of the electrical power source delivered to a building.
Its main function is to receive electrical power supply, control the power supply,
distribute the power supply and protect the power supply. Switchgear is one of
the mechanisms installed at the switchboard used to open and break the circuit
designed to operate automatically or manually depending on the required
purposes.
Main Switch Room
Figure 54
Main Switch Room
50

58. Below are the design considerations for a switch board room:
• The switch board room shall preferably be provided with an alternative
emergency exit door.
• The door shall be arranged to be opened outwards and shall not obstruct
a passageway into which open. All doors shall be fitted with locks to prevent the
entry of unauthorized persons, but shall be readily opened from the inside without
the use of a key. Sliding door is acceptable.
• The switch board room shall either be naturally or forced ventilated de-
pending on location. Forced ventilation shall be required if the switch board room
is located at basement levels where ducted fresh air and exhaust are to be main-
tained effectively. The exhaust fan shall be of adequate capacity and shall be con-
trolled by a timer.
• Trenches, cable trays and cable entry duct/pipes where required for ser-
vices to and from the switch board room are to be provided
Figure 55
upclose image of the
switchgear
51

59. Low voltage (LV) switchrooms are common across all industries and one of
the more common spatial requirements which need to be designed into a project.
Main LV switchrooms will typically contain free standing switchboards and Motor
Control Centres (MCC), along with auxiliary equipment required for the room to
function.
Low Voltage Switch Room
The low voltage switchboards provides electrical protection, safe isolation
from live parts and local or remote switching. The switchgears has a
functional switch which helps to energize or de-energize part of a system,
emergency switching and stopping as well as a switch for mechanical
maintenance.
Figure 56
Low Voltage Switch
Room
Figure 57
Low voltage
Switchgears
52

60. The dimensions for a switchboard are below:
• height would be 2.2 m (2000 mm for the switchboard and a 200 mm plinth)
• width 600 mm to 1050 mm depending on construction
• depth 600 mm
• weight 200 to 400 kg per panel
The design considerations for a LV switchroom are below:
• access for personnel (normal and emergency)
• access for equipment (installation, operation and maintenance)
• regulatory compliance and approvals
• cable containment and entries
• earthing and grounding
• water sealing (if below ground)
• air conditioning, lighting & small power
• fire detection, alarm and suppression
Figure 58
switchboard
arrangement in a LV
Switch Room
53

61. Genset room is a specific case of engine-generator in which, a
diesel engine combines with an electric generator to generate
electricity. This generator are used without connection to a power grid and is
used as an emergency power supply if the grid fails. As stated on the
section, the genset room is located further away from other rooms due to
the noises and the danger it may produce if not properly handled.
Gen Set Room
Figure 59
Genset Room
54

62. Below are the design considerations needed for a Genset Room:
• Floor space between an engine and parallel wall space or another gen
set should not be less than the width of the engine.
• Overhead, there should be enough space allocated to allow conve-
nient removal of cylinder heads, manifolds, exhaust piping and any other
equipment for service.
• Consider specifying enough room for a chain hoist or overhead crane.
Space fore and aft of the engine should allow camshaft removal.
• Batteries to start gen sets should be kept as near as possible to the
engine to avoid long energy robbing cables.
• The fuel tank should be located near gen sets to prevent long fuel line
runs which can tax fuel pumps. Access to this equipment for service must
also be considered in the design phase.
Figure 60
Generator in a Genset
Room
55

63. Multi tenanted commercial premises except shop lots shall be given
bulk supply. The meter shall be installed at the metering room. An enclosed
locked room specifically for the purpose of installing floor mounted metering
cubicle shall be provided. The minimum size of the room shall be 2.0 m x 2.0
m x 2.5 m (height).
Below are the design considerations needed for a Meter Room:
Meter Room
Figure 61
Meters in the Meter
Room for Tower B
Figure 62
Design consideration
for a meter room
56

64. Figure 63
Battery room
Figure 64
Battery room
switchboard
Figure 65
Wet Cell Batteries
57

65. The battery room is used to house batteries for backup supply during
an emergency electrical failure. Moreover, this room is used to segregate
fumes and corrosive chemicals of wet cell batteries from the operating
equipment which also allows for a better control of the ventilation and tem-
perature of the batteries. The batteries may provide power for minutes,
hours or days depending on the electrical system design. The electrolyte
used for the PJ Trade Centre batteries are nickel-cadmium.
Below are the general design considerations for a battery room:
• Batteries of the non-seal type shall be located in enclosures with out-
side vents or inwell ventilated rooms, so arranged as to prevent the escape
of fumes, gases, orelectrolyte spray into other areas.
• Ventilation shall be provided to ensure diffusion of the gases from the
battery toprevent the accumulation of an explosive mixture.
• Racks and trays shall be substantial and treated to be resistant to the
electrolyte.
• Floors shall be of an acid resistant construction or be protected from
acidaccumulations.
• Face shields, aprons, and rubber gloves shall be provided for workers
handling acids orbatteries.
• Facilities for quick drenching of the eyes and body shall be provided
within 25 feet ofthe work area for emergency use.
• Facilities shall be provided for flushing and neutralizing spilled elec-
trolyte, for fireprotection, for protecting charging apparatus from damage by
trucks, and for adequate
• Ventilation for dispersal of fumes from gassing batteries.
58

66. FIRE PROTECTION
SYSTEM
6.0

67. 6.1 UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS (Licensed to Malaysia Standards MS1525)
UBBL:
Part VIII FIRE ALARMS,FIRE DETECTIONS,FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE
FIGHTING ACCESS
UBBL 1984 under section 238:Fire Alarms
1.Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing
fire,with means of fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs.
2.All sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exteri-
or wall and should be readily accessible by the Fire Authority.
UBBL 1984 under section 153:Smoke detectors for lift lobby
All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
UBBL 1984 under section 247(2):Fire Alarms
Main water storage tanks should be availale within the building,other than for hose
reel system.Shall be located at ground,first or second basement levels,with fire
brigades pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances
UBBL 1984 law 248:Markings on wet risers:
Wet riser,dry riser,sprinkler and other fireinstallation pipes and fittings shall be
painted red.
All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for locations of fire installations and extin-
guishers shall be clearly identified to the Fire authority or otherwise clearly identi-
fied.
UBBLE 1984,ulaw 23:Installation and testing of wet riser systems
Wet riser systems should be provided in every building
A hose system shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby.
Each wet riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5mm coupling fitted with a hose
of not less than 31.8mm diameter equipped with a variable fog nozzle.
According to UBBL 1984,section 227,
Portable fire extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with relevant codes of
practice and shall be sited on prominent position on exit routes which shall be
visible from all directions.
According to UBBL 1984:Exit Staircases
Every upper floor to have minimum 2 staircases except buildings lower than 12m
Number of Staircases should accommodate highest occupancy load under,widths
of staircases and exit routes shall be maintained [not reduced in width] throughout
59

68. & door swings should not encroach the access width
Any necessary openings,except opening in external walls which shall not for the
purpose of the by-law include wall to air wells,in the length of such staircase shall
be provided with self closing doors constructed of fire resisting materials.
Under UBBL 166,section 1 Enclosing means of escape in certain buildings
Not less than 2 separate exits shall be provided from each storey together.As
many additional exits may be necessary.
Under UBBL 166,section 2
The exits shall be well sited and their exits shall be arranged in a manner that the
exits are within the limits of travel distance.They should be readily accessible at all
times.
Under UBBL 229,section4:
A fire fighting staircase shall be provided to give direct access to each fire fighting
access lobby and shall be directly accessible from outside the building at the fire
appliances access level.
Under UBBL 1984,section 169:Exit route
No exit routes may reduce in width along its width along its path of travel from the
storey exit to the final level.
Under UBBL 1984,section 188:Travel distance to place of assembly
Exits to any place of assembly shall be arranged that the distance travelled from
any point to reach an exit shall not be more than 45meters for a sprinkled building.
Under UBBL 1984,section 172
All exits shall be marked with readily visible signs and shall not be obstructed by
any decorations,furnishings or other equipment.
A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction of the nearest exit.
The sign shall be not less than 150metres high with the principal strokes of the
letters not less than 18mm wide.The lettering shall be in red against a black back-
ground.
All signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.
Under UBBL 164(1)
All dire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers which are hydraulically
spring operated in the case of swing doors,and of wire rope and weight type in the
case of sliding doors.
60

69. Under UBBL 1984,section 217:Fire resistance of structural materials
Any structural wall shall have fire resistance of not less than the minimum period
required by these by-laws for any element,which it carries.
Under the ninth schedule,section A,masonry wall,beginning of the table.Reinforced
concrete,minimum concrete cover in main reinforcement of 25mm,12.5mm gyp-
sum sand plaster of 180mm offer 4hrs of fire resistance.
REFERENCE:
LAWS OF MALAYSIA
UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS ACT133.
All amendments upto May 2006
61

70. A set of electric/electronic devices/equipment working together to detect
and alert people through visual and audio appliances when smoke/fire is present.
These alarms may be activated from smoke detectors, heat detectors, water flow
sensors, which are automatic or from a manual fire alarm pull station.
6.2 PASSIVE SYSTEM
Figure 66
Fire Alarm System
62

71. Phone is provided in case of fire emergency.
Figure 67
Fire Emergency Phone
63

72. A fire door is a door with a fire-resistance rating used as part of a passive
fire protection system to reduce the spread of fire or smoke between
compartments and to enable safe egress from a building or structure or ship.
A structure is a special exit for emergencies such as a fire: the combined
use of regular and special exits allows for faster evacuation, while it also provides
an alternative if the route to the regular exit is blocked by fire, etc.
Figure 68
Fire Door
Figure 70
Emergency Exit
64

73. To determine pressure level of hose reel
Figure 69
Optimum Pressure
Level
65

74. The immediate and urgent movement of people away from the threat or
actual occurrence of a hazard. Examples range from the small scale evacuation of
a building due to a storm or fire to the large scale evacuation of a district because
of a flood, bombardment or approaching weather system.
Figure 71
Emergency Evacuation
Plan
66

75. An active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires,
often in emergency situations. Consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel
containing an agent which can be discharged to extinguish a fire.
Figure 72
Fire Extinguisher
67

76. A place where there are fire panel components.
6.3 ACTIVE SYSTEM
They include pressure switches and valve monitors.
Figure 73
Fire Panel Room
Figure 75
Sprinkler Valve and
Wet Valve
68

77. A part of a fire sprinkler system’s water supply and can be powered by
electric, diesel or steam.
Figure 74
Fire Pump
Figure 76
Fire Pump
69

78. A high-pressure hose that carries water or other fire retardant (such as
foam) to a fire to extinguish it.
A lift within the firefighting shaft with dual power supply and is capable of
being commandeered by the Fire Service. Operation of the firefighter switch
(usually situated at the ground floor level) activates the lift controls for firefighter
use.
Figure 77
Fire Hose Reel
Figure 78
Fire Fighting Lift
70

79. If the pressure box is on, plunger will hit to pilot cylinder. It acts as a
kickstart and it opens valve.
Zero-referenced against ambient air pressure, so it is equal to absolute
pressure minus atmospheric pressure. Negative signs are usually omitted. To
distinguish a negative pressure, the value may be appended with the word
“vacuum” or the gauge may be labeled a “vacuum gauge.”
Figure 79
Pilot Cylinder
Figure 80
Pressure Gauges
71

80. It acts to cut the fire by removing oxygen
This is the main valve where it is the main distribution of all four blocks.
It sends signal to the control room where the valve is normally open and is only
close when its under maintenance.
Figure 81
CO2 Fire Suppression
System
Figure 82
Alarm Valve
72

81. The panel receives information from environmental sensors designed to
detect changes associated with fire, monitors their operational integrity and
provides for automatic control of equipment, and transmission of information
necessary to prepare the facility for fire based on a predetermined sequence.
Figure 83
Fire Alarm Control
Panel
73

82. 6.3 FIRE ALARM SYSTEM- STEP BY STEP RESETING ALARM
ACTIVATE ALARM
PRESS
ACKNOWLEDGE
INVESTIGATE AT SITE
FALSE ALARMTRUE ALARM
EVACUATE
RESET PANEL BY
PRESS 'SYSTEM
RESET'
RESET FIELD
DEVICE
PRESS 'SIGNAL
SILENCE'
Figure 84
step by step reseting
alarm in case on fire
74

83. EMERGENCY STAIRCASE
BOMBA LIFT
FIRE ALARM
EMERGENCY EVACUATION FLOOR PLAN
OF PJ TRADE CENTRE
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Figure 85
emergency evacuation
floor plan
6.4 MEETING POINT IN CASE ON FIRE
75

84. WET AND DRY RISER DISTRIBUTION
WET AND DRY RISER
ALARM VALVE
PRESSURED GAUGES
Figure 86
wet and dry riser
distribution
75

85. HOSE REEL DISTRIBUTION
Figure 87
hose reel distribution
76

86. MECHANICAL
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM
6.0

87. MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Literature Review
mechanical transportation is transport device used to move goods or people verti-
cally between floors. Types of vertical mechanical transportation that can be found
in buildings are escalator and elevators.
Elevators
Elevators are one of the vertical mechanical transportation found in multi-storey
buildings or high rise buildings. Elevators are vertical transport generally powered
by electric motor that is drive by traction cable and counterweight system like a
hydraulic pump used to transport goods or people vertically up and down to differ-
ent levels or floors.
Elevators are classified according to:
1. Hoist Mechanism
2. Building Height
3. Building Type
4. Elevators Location
5. Special uses
While designing a multi-story or high rise building, a designer must consider
sufficient amount of vertical mechanical transportation in a building. As the scale of
the building increases, escalators alone cannot serve a big amount of user using
the building and this is when the selection of the vertical mechanical transportation
equipment such as passenger, service and freight elevators is important. Not only
that this elevators are one of the major building expenses but the quality of eleva-
tors service is also as important factor in a tenant’s choice of space in competing
buildings.
Providing minimum waiting time for a car at any floor level, comfortable
acceleration, rapid transportation, smooth and rapid braking, accurate automatic
levelling at landings and rapid loading and unloading at each floor stops are the
ideal performance of an elevator installation as it is an important factor in a tenant’s
choice. The elevator system must also provide quick, quiet operation of doors,
good floor status and travel direction
78

88. indication (both in the cats and at landings), easily operated car and landing call
buttons, smooth, quiet and safe operation of all mechanical equipment under all
conditions of loading, comfortable lighting, reliable emergency and security
equipment and a generally pleasant car atmosphere. A building with at least 3
storeys must install an escalator to ease the users as there is a limit to how far the
users would want to walk up the stairs. All this will increase the satisfaction of the
passengers or users using the elevators.
Types of Elevators and Their Functions
Main reasons for building elevators are for users of a mid-high building or a high
rise building and to transport goods up to the building.The common elevators that
are in a building are passenger lifts, bomba lifts, freight lifts and service lift.
The elevators performance depends on the following aspects:
o Acceleration
o Retardation
o Car Speed
o Speed of door operation
o Stability of speed and performance with variation of car load
Types of elevators that uses the hoist mechanism:
A. Hydraulic Elevators
B. Traction Elevators
C. Climbing Elevators
D. Pneumatic Elevators
As our case study building, PJ Trade Centre, the type of elevator that was
incorporated in the whole building is traction elevator.Traction elevators allow
carrying more loads to a higher scale compared to other elevator.
79

89. Traction Elevators
Traction elevators are the most common elevators used in buildings. The eleva-
tor cars of traction elevators are pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a
pulley, the weight of the car is balanced by a counterweight. There are 3 different
types of elevators which are:
i. Gearless Traction Elevators
These elevators consist of a dc or ac motor, the shaft which is directly connect-
ed to a brake of a wheel and driving sheave. A gearless traction machine is more
efficient and quieter in operation, less maintenance and has longer life. Generally
utilized for passenger service and the maximum car speeds are 2000 feet per min-
ute (10 meters per second).
Figure 83
Gearless Traction
Elevator
80

90. ii. Geared Traction Elevators
These elevators have a worm and gear interposed between the driving
motor and the hoisting sheave. The motor used in a geared installation, as in a
gearless one, depends upon the type of drive system and maybe either dc or
ac. A geared traction machine can give almost the same high-quality, accurate,
smooth ride as the gearless installation. The geared machines are used for car
speeds of up to 450 feet per minute.
Figure 84
Geared Traction
Elevator
81

91. iii. Machine Roomless Elevators
These elevators system employs a smaller sheave than gearless and
geared elevators. The reduced sheave size, together with a redesigned machine
allows the machine to be mounted within the hoist way, eliminating the need for a
bulky machine roof on the roof.
Figure 85
Machine Roomless
Elevator
82

92. General Component of an Elevator System
Lift doors
Lift doors are required in two components:
o Fitted to the lift car
o Fitted to the landing
Landing doors must be incombustible and they usually slide sideways although
vertical movement is used for some industrial applications.
For security measure, the movement of the doors is resisted as long as the door is
still open and it self closes within a certain time frame.
83

93. Door-opener System
Elevators use two different set of doors which are doors on the cars and doors
opening into the elevator shaft. Doors on the cars and doors are operated by an
electric motor which is hooked up to the elevator computer.
How does the door opener system works:
 The electric motor turns the wheel, which is attached to a long metal arm
as the long metal arm is linked to another arm which is attached to the door. This
will allow the door to slide back and forth on the metal rail.
 The motor turns the wheel rotating the first metal arm. This will pull the sec-
ond metal arm and the attached door to the left.
 The door is made of two panels that close on each other when the door
opens and extend out when the door closes. The computer than activates the
motor to open the doors when the car arrives at a floor and close the cars starts
moving. The elevator will be able to keep the door from closing and also detect
whether someone is between them.
Figure 86
Components of
Door- opener System
84

94. The car doors have clutch mechanism that unlocks the outer doors at each floor
and pulls them open. This keeps the outer doors from opening up into an empty
elevator shaft.
Multi-Beam Door Sensor
Multi infrared-light beams are infrared-light of a lift door and its function is pre-
venting passengers from being caught by the doors. Multiple infrared light beams
mounted along the length of the car door edge. The doors reverse and open if
beams are blocked during closing.
Figure 87
Type of Lift Door
85

95. Motor Room
An elevator motor room is usually located above the elevator on the highest
floor of a building. In this motor room it contains the following:
o Winding Gear
o Traction Sheave
o Control Panel
o Overspeed Governor
Reasonable access to and from the machine room should be provided as
it is important for the equipment to be maintained and occasionally remove and
replace parts. The ventilation must be sufficient enough in removing the heat
released by the equipment to maintain a maximum heat of 40oC.
Elevator Pit
Elevator pit is part of the elevator shaft that extends from the threshold level
of the lowest landing door down to the floor at the bottom of the shaft. The depth
of the pit must include the depth of the platform and support space required for
the elevator car and also to the buffer standing and stroke space.
86

96. When the elevator is stopped at the lowest floor, there will be a few
inches over travel before it strikes the buffer. The safety plank must also be
designed to absorb the impact from the elevator buffers located in the pit as
shown in the diagram. Buffer is designed to stop the elevator if the elevator
travels at its operating speed past the lowest floor. It is also designed to absorb
the kinetic energy of the moving car and brings it to a stop within the limit if the
buffer stroke. Different types of buffers are used for different elevators speed.
The 2 different types of buffers are:
Spring Buffer- This buffer is used for elevator speeds up to and including 200 feet
per minute (1.0 meter per second.
Hydraulic buffer (Oil buffer)- This buffer is used when elevator speeds over 200 feet
per minute. They are also referred to as gradual speed-retarding buffers.
Figure 88
Elevator Pit
Figure 89
Elevator Buffer
87

97. Elevator Brake
The traction sheave drive shaft is fitted with an elevator brake which is an
electromechanical brake. The electrically operated brakes are lifted clear of the
brake drum when the lift is moving but when the electricity switches off to disen-
gage the motor, the spring retainersactivate the brake and stops the elevator.
Elevators also have automatic braking systems near the top and bottom of the
elevator shaft. The brake brings the elevator to a stop if the elevator car moves too
far in either direction.
Elevator Shaft
Elevator shaft is a vertical shaft in a building which allows passage of an
elevator from floor to floor. It is a hoist way through which one of more elevators
may travel.
A lift shaft should incorporate the following features:
• Water tightness
• Means of drainage
• Plumb, vertical sides
• Smooth painted finish
• Ventilation void for emission of smoke
• Permanent inspection lights
Elevator Controls
Elevator control system is responsible for coordinating all aspects of
elevator service such as:
• Travel
• Speed
• Accelerating and decelerating
• Door opening speed and delay
• Levelling and hall lantern signals
88

98. The main aims of the elevator control system are:
o To bring the lift car to the correct level
o To minimize travel time
o To maximize passenger comfort by providing smooth ride
o To accelerate, decelerate and travel within a safe speed limits.
There are 3 main types of elevator control systems as follows:
A. Single Automatic Operation
B. Selective Collective Operation
C. Group Automatic Operation
Elevator as a control system also has different types of components. These can be
divided into the following categories:
• Inputs
This control system includes the following:
a. Sensors
b. Buttons
c. Key Controls
d. System Controls
• Outputs
This control system includes the following:
a. Actuators
b. Bells
c. Displays
• Controllers
The controller is a device which manages the visual monitoring, interactive com-
mand control and traffic analysis system to ensure the elevators are functioning
efficiently.
There are 3 primary types of controller technology used:
a. Relay based controller (electromechanical switching)
b. Solid-State Logic Technology
c. PLC Controller (computer based technology)
89

99. Elevator Overload Sensor
An elevator overload sensor functions to detect overload in the elevator and
prevents the elevator to move unless the excess load is removed from the
elevator. When there is excess load in the elevator, it will trigger the buzzer alarm
which will ring until the excess load is removed from the escalator.
Observation on Site and Site Specification
As observed in the motor room at PJ Trade Centre, since it is a high rise
building which consist of 21 floors, the motor used for the elevator is Gearless
Traction Motor. As compared to Geared Traction Motor, gearless traction motor
lovers the energy costs by 25%. Without a motor generator, gearless traction
motor also can reduce power consumption and it also captures and reuses
energy through advanced regenerative drive technology.
Figure 90
Motor Room at PJ
Trade Centre
90

100. The brand of the motor and the lift used is OTIS. It is one of the oldest
companies manufacturing mechanical transportations as it was founded in 1852.
It is one of the world’s largest company in the manufacture and service of
mechanical transportation as it also can be found almost anywhere around the
world.
Figure 91
Lift Motor Room (in
purple highlight)
91

101. Figure 92
Brand of the Car lift
Figure 93
Brand of the Motor
92

102. PJ Trade Centre has 4 blocks and on the second floor, each block has 6
elevators except for Block C, which has 7 elevators. This building has 4 types of
lifts which are car park lift, bomba lift, passenger lift and disabled lift. As for this
project, we only concentrate on Tower B. Tower B has 6 lifts. There are 3 types
of lift at this tower which are car park lift, passenger lift and bomba lift. As for the
handicap lift, it is only available at Tower C.
Figure 94
Floor Plan of PJ Trade
Centre
93

103. There are 2 car park lift in this tower. For carpark lift, the lift only works
from Basement 7 until level 2 (lobby level). It does not go until the top floor as they
want to maintain the security level of the building. This car park lift is smaller than
the other lifts in the building. The lift door, as observed, follows the single speed,
centre opening system. During emergency, as said by the person-in-charge, there
would be alarm ringing after every 3 seconds interval and after 3 minutes, the
alarm will continuously ring. After 5 minutes, at the car park lift lobby, there would
be a shutter that lowers down as security close it for safety purposes. This car
park lift would automatically go to the ground level as the gathering area is at the
ground level.
Figure 95
Car Park Lift Exterior
(left)
Lift Control Buttons
(right)
94

104. Figure 96
Car Park Lifts in
Section
95

105. There are 5 car park lift in this tower. For passenger lift, the lift works from
level 2 until level 20. This is the main lift for the passengers to go up to the build-
ing and the average amount of people that can be in this lift is 20 persons, 1365
kg.This passenger lift is the medium size lift in the building. The lift door, as ob-
served, follows the single speed, centre opening system. During emergency, as
said by the person-in-charge, the alarm system would be the same as the car
park lift. The only differences with this 2 lifts during emergency is that the pas-
senger lift lobby does not have shutters. This lift would also automatically go to
ground level as it is the gathering area during emergency.
Figure 97
Passenger Lift Exterior
(left)
Lift Control Buttons
(right)
96

106. -Passenger Lift
Figure 98
Passenger Lifts in
Section
97

107. There is only 1 bomba lift in this tower. For the bomba lift, the lift works
from basement 7 until the top floor. As said by the person-in-charge, this lift is also
used for people to bring construction equipment as this lift is bigger compared to
the other 2 lifts. The lift door, as observed, follows the single speed, centre
opening system. During emergency, as said by the person-in-charge, this is the
only lift that will work during emergency. This lift is used by the firemen as they
would go up to check the situation.
Figure 99
Bomba Lift Exterior
98

108. -Bomba Lift
Figure 100
Bomba Lift in Section
99

109. As observed, the lift controls in each of the lift has the basic controls. They
have to buttons to every floor and they also have the alarm button which help
passengers warn security officers if they are trapped in the elevator. Besides that,
the interior of both the car park lift car and the passenger lift car, has lightings and
also consists of guardrails/handrails that wrap around the interior perimeter of the
car lift for safety reason. For the bomba lift, the perimeter is wrapped around with
sponged canvas as people normally use that to carry big items. This sponged
canvas protects the car from being scratched.
Figure 101
Passenger Lift Interior
(left)
Bomba Lift Interior
(right)
100

110. Uniform Building by Law
Lift
1. Every lift forming part of the vertical access for disabled people should have
an unobstructed depth in front of the lift doors of not less than 1800mm.
2. It should maintain a floor level accuracy within a tolerance of 10mm
throughout the range of rated load.
3. The handrail in the lift car should not be less than 600mm long and
1000mm above the finished floor level and should be fixed adjacent to the control
panel.
4. At least one lift car, adjacent to a public entrance that is accessible for
disabled persons should be designed as a lift for wheelchair users, complying to
all the sub-clauses of this clause, and should have space for a wheelchair to be
turned through 180o inside the lift.
Lift Door
Installation should provide the following:
a) The lift doors should be power operated
b) A clear opening of not less than 1000mm should be provided
c) Sensor devices should be provided to ensure that the lift car and landing
doors would not close while the opening is obstructed, subject to the nudging
provisions which operate if the door is held open for more than 20s
d) If the door sensors are not provided, the dwell time of an automatically
closing door should not be less than 5s and the closing door speed should not
exceed 0.25 m/s
Lift Controls
101

111. Should comply with the following:
a) Controls should be clearly indicated and easily operated in accordance with
Clause 27 of MS 1184:2002.
b) Call buttons should either project from or be flush with the face of the
car-operating panel. The width or diameter of the buttons should not be less than
20mm.
c) Floor buttons, alarm buttons or emergency telephone and door control
buttons in the lift cars and lobbies should not be higher than 1400mm above
finished floor level. The hearing impaired can use an alarm button and not emer-
gency telephone. An alarm button should always be provided and preferably of
a design which lights up and produce sound when pressed to reassure those
trapped inside.
d) All buttons should be designed such that the visually impaired can identi-
fy them by touch. Buttons which are not designed as such are best modifies by
fixing embossed or Braille numbers or letters next to the lift buttons.
Lift Indicators
102

112. Should be provided in accordance with the following:
a) ‘Lift coming’ indicators should be provided at each landing.
b) Indicators should be provided at each lift lobby to show the position and
direction of motion of the lift car. Alternatively, an audible indicator should be
provided to indicate in advance the arrival of the lift car and its direction of travel.
c) An indicator inside the car should signal clearly the direction of travel and
the floor at which the floor at which the lift car is situated.
d) Embossed Braille number indicating each floor level should be provided
beside the outside call button.
Handrails
Handrails should be:
a) Fixed not less than 840mm or more than 900mm from finished floor level,
extended in the case of ramp or stairway by 300mm
b) Fixed securely with its ends turned away or turned downwards for not less
than 100mm
103

113. Lift Pit
a) Pits must be fire-resistive as should be partitions between elevator pits.
b) Permanent provisions must be made to prevent accumulation of water in
the pit. Pits should be waterproofed and/or sealed.
c) Drains and pumps must be complying with the plumbing code and steps
should be taken to prevent water, gas and odours from entering the pit.
According to UBBL Clause 153, a smoke detector is to be provided at the
lift lobby. The lift lobby should be large enough to accommodate traffic that move
in two directions. UBBL Clause 124, a lift shall be provided for a non-residential
building which exceeds 4 storeys and above or below the main entrance. It is also
essential for a building with less than 4 storeys to provide an elevator for the elder-
ly and disabled. Minimum walking distance to the lift should not exceed 45m and
the lift should be sited in the central area of a building to minimize the horizontal
travel distance.
104

114. CONCLUSION
7.0

115. Before we conclude this report, we would like to give
our thanks and gratitude to Mr. Wong for his time and input
about PJ Trade Centre.
Upon completion of this project, we have earned about
the importance of teamwork. Planning and time management
between group mates made this project as well as the site
visit to run smoothly. Through this project, we have noticed
and observed the practice of sustainable design which the
designers and owners have thoroughly followed.
Moreover, we have found about that, zoning-wise, most
of the building services are not scattered and mainly on
Basement 7. The building and its services blends with the
landscape which is aesthatically pleasing.
In a nutshell, the project and site visit was a success in
terms of gaining knowledge and better social, understanding
and time management skills
Figure 102
Components that well
hide by using
greeneries in PJ Trade
Centre
105

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8.0

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120. LIST OF IMAGE REFERENCES
Figure 1 : photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 2 : Cad by Adila Zaas
Figure 3 :
Figure 4 :
Figure 5 :
Figure 6 : extract from
Figure 7 : Cad and Edited by Adila Zaas
Figure 8 : Photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 9 : Photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 10 : Photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 11 : Photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 12 : Cad and Edited by Adila Zaas
Figure 13 : Cad and Edited by Adila Zaas
Figure 14 : Cad and Edited by Adila Zaas
Figure 15 : Cad and Edited by Adila Zaas
Figure 16 : Photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 17 : Photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 18 : Photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 19 : Cad and Edited by Adila Zaas
Figure 20 : Photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 21 : Photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 22 : Cad and Edited by Kee Ting Ting
Figure 23 : Photograph by Kee Ting Ting
Figure 24 : Drawn by Kee Ting Ting
Figure 25 : extract from http://climatizzazione.mitsubishielectric.it/en/informazioni-utili/componenti-principali.php
Figure 26 : extract from http://climatizzazione.mitsubishielectric.it/en/informazioni-utili/componenti-principali.php
Figure 27 : extract from http://climatizzazione.mitsubishielectric.it/en/informazioni-utili/componenti-principali.php
Figure 28 : extract from http://climatizzazione.mitsubishielectric.it/en/informazioni-utili/componenti-principali.php
Figure 29 : extract from http://climatizzazione.mitsubishielectric.it/en/informazioni-utili/componenti-principali.php
Figure 30 : extract from http://climatizzazione.mitsubishielectric.it/en/informazioni-utili/componenti-principali.php
109

121. Figure 31 : drawn by Kee Ting Ting
Figure 32 : extract from http://www.energyvanguard.com/blog-building-science-HERS-BPI/bid/39143/The-Mag
ic-of-Cold-Part-2-Intermediate-Air-Conditioning-Principles
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Figure 34 : extract from http://orlando.melcohvacservice.com/ac-condenser-coil-repair.html
Figure 35 : drawn by Kee Ting Ting
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Figure 38 : extract from http://www.e-co.uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/ahu-new-diagram.jpg
Figure 39 : Photograph by Ajmal Syahir
Figure 40 : Photograph by Ajmal Syahir
Figure 41 : Photograph by Ajmal Syahir
Figure 42 : Photograph by Ajmal Syahir
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Figure 44 : extract from http://images.wisegeek.com/diodes.jpg
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Figure 46 : extract from http://www.enggpedia.com/images/stories/circuit-board.gif
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jpg
Figure 50 : extract from http://www.ele-b2b.com/images/FY-BT%20100x100x70%20water%20proof%20junction%20box.jpg
Figure 51 : photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 52 : Cad and Edited by Sonia Manyie
Figure 53 : photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 54 : photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 55 : photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 56 : photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 57 : photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 58 :
Figure 59 : photograph by Nasreen Hajibeigy
Figure 60 : photograph by Nasreen Hajibeigy
110

122. Figure 61 : photograph by Nasreen Hajibeigy
Figure 62 : photograph by Nasreen Hajibeigy
Figure 63 : photograph by Nasreen Hajibeigy
Figure 64 : photograph by Nasreen Hajibeigy
Figure 65 : photograph by Nasreen Hajibeigy
Figure 66 : photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 67 : photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 68 : photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 69 : photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 70 : photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 71 : photograph by Nasreen Hajibeigy
Figure 72 : photograph by Nasreen Hajibeigy
Figure 73 : photograph by Nasreen Hajibeigy
Figure 74 : photograph by Nasreen Hajibeigy
Figure 75 : photograph by Nasreen Hajibeigy
Figure 76 : photograph by Nasreen Hajibeigy
Figure 77 : photograph by Nasreen Hajibeigy
Figure 78 : photograph by Nasreen Hajibeigy
Figure 79 : photograph by Nasreen Hajibeigy
Figure 80 : photograph by Nasreen Hajibeigy
Figure 81 : photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 82 : photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 83 : photograph by Adila Zaas
Figure 84 : Edited by Yaseen Syed
Figure 85 : Cad and Edited by Yaseen Syed
Figure 86 : Cad and Edited by Yaseen Syed
Figure 87 : Cad and Edited by Yaseen Syed
Figure 88 : source from The Vertical Transportation Handbook
Figure 89 : source from The Vertical Transportation Handbook
Figure 90 : extract from http://www.otisworldwide.com/k2-elevators.html
Figure 91 : source from The Vertical Transportation Handbook
Figure 92 : extract from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/elevator-pit.html
111

123. Figure 93 : source from The Vertical Transportation Handbook
Figure 94 : photograph by Gertrude Lee
Figure 95 : cad and eddited by Gertrude Lee
Figure 96 : photograph by Gertrude Lee
Figure 97 : photograph by Gertrude Lee
Figure 98 : cad and editted by Gertrude Lee
Figure 99 : photograph by Gertrude Lee
Figure 100 : cad and editted by Gertrude Lee
Figure 101 : photograph by Gertrude Lee
Figure 102 : cad and editted by Gertrude Lee
Figure 103 : photograph by Gertrude Lee
Figure 104 : cad and editted by Gertrude Lee
Figure 105 : photograph by Gertrude Lee
Figure 106 : Photograph by Adila Zaas
112