27. Patent [USPTO, JP Patent Library] / Paper [ISI Web of Knowledge/Science]5
28. “Citation Tree” build algorism 1: Defining the starting point: Shuji Nakamura’s most-cited patent [US7205220] for blue LED.2: Referring [inventor-cited] whole forward citation data of starting point3: Under 2., referring forward citation data of 3-tier paper and/or patents.4: Repeating these procedure for 5 times.Sum: Fetches about 1,000 paper/patents and its forward citation data. [from 1903 to 2007] Starting point 6
29. Entire Network Red node indicates the “Main path”. Source: Web of Knowledge[Derwent Innovation Index]/Web of Science
30. Network (delete pendants) Red node indicates the “Main path”. Source: Web of Knowledge[Derwent Innovation Index]/Web of Science
31. 1910-1970 1960s 1970s 1930s Source: Web of Knowledge[Derwent Innovation Index]/Web of Science
32. 1910-1975 1960s 1970s 1930s 1975 Source: Web of Knowledge[Derwent Innovation Index]/Web of Science
33. 1910-1980 1960s 1970s 1930s 1975 1980 Source: Web of Knowledge[Derwent Innovation Index]/Web of Science
34. Top 10 companies from 1910-2007 1930s 1960s 1970s 1990s 2000s 1980s Source: Web of Knowledge[Derwent Innovation Index]/Web of Science
35. “Main path” of Paper and Patent (1910-2007). Source: Web of Knowledge[Derwent Innovation Index]/Web of Science
36. Cru Node in the Network Cru node [definition]: the certain node which connects certain scale of social groups and/or organizations. Brief Result Papar? Patent? : Mostly Patent. Who? : resides in big firms, and yields many papers/patents. When? : Mostly 1970-1975. How? : total backward-citation number is low, comparing to average of his/her another paper/patents.
37. Cru node in the network [Graph] Source: Web of Knowledge[Derwent Innovation Index]/Web of Science
39. Behavior of “Cru Node” Scientist Case 1: Jacques Pankove・“Jacques Pankove was born in Russia in 1922 and lived in France for nearly 20 years. To evade Nazi persecution, Jacques and his family came to the United States in 1942, where he became an accomplished electrical engineer and worked for RCA. Jacques is Professor Emeritus at CU in the Department of Electrical Engineering. “ *- http://www.colorado.edu/memorybox/jacquespankove.html Case 2: Ralph A. Logan・”Kressel began his career as a researcher in electronics and lasers at RCA Laboratories, which became Sarnoff Corporation and is now integrated into SRI as SRI International Sarnoff, where he devoted 24 years and attained the position of staff vice president.”, “Kressel also serves on the board of directors of Suniva, Inc., Telcordia Technologies, Inc., and WP Roaming Holdings SA (MACH). He is also Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Yeshiva University.”, “He holds 31 U.S. patents and has published more than 120 papers and three books.”- * http://www.sri.com/about/board/kressel.html
40. Findings “Cru node” scientist is not only classified as acted as “star scientist” (Zucker and Darby et al.), but also plays a role for inbounding, connecting the knowledge across the social group mostly identified as organization. And, “Cru node” patent and/or paper is under the average of his paper in the measurement of backward citation, in this sense, the (tacit / un-codified) knowledge would have a role for technical breakthrough.
44. Still couldn’t be ensuring the linkage between core prior technology and major invention via backward citation data only.
45. We must employ the method simultaneously for determining the prior technology for innovation, hybrid of survey, interview and literature survey and numerical approach. 19