2. An unbooked case of a 28 year old,Reshma Anjum
W/O Nadeem,resident of Sangareddy belonging to
SEC-3 is a housewife is G3P1L1A1 with 9 months
amenorrhoea came with chief complaints of pain
abdomen since 2 hours
LMP-19-11-2014
EDD-26-8-2015
3. HISTORY OF PRESENTING ILLNESS
G3P1L1A1 presented with complaints of pain
abdomen since 2 hours
No H/O decreased perception of fetal movements
No H/O leaking P/V
No H/O bleeding P/V
4. No H/O burning micturition
No H/O swelling of legs
No H/O headache
No H/O blurring of vision
No H/O of epigastric pain
No H/O frequency of micturition
No H/O of fever and vomitings
No H/O of trauma
5. OBSTETRIC HISTORY
Marital life-5years
non consanguinous marriage
No h/o usage of OCP’S or ovulation induction drugs
Conceived spontaneously 1 year after marriage
LMP-19/11/2014
EDD-26/8/2015
6. 1st Pregnancy:
Antenatal period was uneventful
Full term, LSCS (indication-CPD), female baby, 2years
Birth weight was 2.9kg,at narayankhed govt hospital
Postpartum period was uneventful (no h/o puerperal
fever, wound discharge)
Exclusive breast feeding for 6 months
Developmental milestones were normal and baby
immunized till date
7. 2nd Pregnancy:
Conceived spontaneously 1 year after 1st pregnancy
Spontaneous abortion in 3rd month followed by dilatation and
curettage.
Present pregnancy:
Conceived spontaneously 1year after 2nd pregnancy.
Regular antenatal check ups in outside hospital.
1st Trimester
No H/O excessive nausea and vomiting
No H/O of pain abdomen and bleeding P/V
Folic acid prophylaxis taken
No H/O radiation exposure
No H/O drug intake
8. 2nd Trimester:
Quickening felt in 5th month
Iron and calcium supplementation taken
Two doses tetanus toxoid taken
3rd Trimester:
No H/O bleeding or leaking P/V
No H/O pedal edema
9. MENSTRUAL HISTORY
Attained menarche at 13years of age
4-5/30, regular, normal flow, no clots, no
dysmenorrhoea
10. PAST HISTORY
No H/O Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, Epilepsy,
Tuberculosis, Asthma or Heart disease and
No H/O Blood transfusions.
SURGICAL HISTORY
No significant surgical history except for previous
caesarean and dilatation and curettage done in the
past.
11. FAMILY HISTORY:
No h/o multiple pregnancy,congenital anomalies
PERSONAL HISTORY
Diet-mixed, Appetite-good
Sleep-adequate
Bowel & Bladder- Regular
No addictions
12. GENERAL EXAMINATION
Patient is conscious and coherent, moderately built
and nourished.
Ht-148cms
Wt-64kgs
Pallor-present
No icterus, cyanosis, clubbing, lymphadenopathy and
pedal edema
Spine, Breast and Thyroid – NAD
13. Vitals-Temperature-Afebrile
PR-82/min, normal volume
BP-110/70mm of Hg in right arm supine position
CVS Examination: S1 and S2 heard, No murmurs
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Bilateral air entry-present,
clear and equal on both sides, No adventitious sounds
14. PER ABDOMEN:
Uterus uniformly enlarged to size corresponding to
36wks gestational age.
On palpation fundal height was corresponding to
36wks GA
Fundal grip: broad, soft and irregular mass suggestive
of breech
Lateral grip: back felt on left side, limb buds felt on
right side
1st pelvic grip: cephalic and head was ballotable
15. Uterus was irritable and scar tenderness was present
Symphysio fundal height was 34cms
Abdominal girth-94cms
Clinically liquor was adequate
AUSCULTATION:
FHS heard,at left spino umbilical line,
regular,142/min
16. P/S-cervix and vagina healthy
P/V-cervix was 50% effaced,
os admitting 1 finger
membranes+
presenting part vertex at -2 station
pelvis gynecoid
Single live intrauterine fetus with longitudinal lie and
cephalic presentation, head ballotable and fetal heart
sound heard on left spino-umbilical line and was
142/min.
17. SUMMARY
A 28year old unbooked case,G3P1L1A1 with 9months
amenorrhoea with prev LSCS with complaints of pain
abdomen since 2hrs
On examination uterus was corresponding to 36wks
GA with single live fetus with cephalic presentation
with scar tenderness
21. Patient was admitted
High risk consent was taken
Emergency LSCS was planned
22. Operation perfomed: Emergency LSCS with bilateral
tubectomy under spinal anaesthesia
Operative Procedure
Under complete aseptic conditions abdomen cleaned
and draped.Pfannensteil incision was given over
abdomen
Abdomen opened In layers
Lower uterine segment identified and incised
LUS was thinned out
Kehrs incision given over lower segment of uterus
23. A single live preterm male baby of birth weight 2.5kg and
APGAR 1-8/10,5-9/10 was delivered on 26th july at 2.30pm.
Placenta was located in fundal anterior position
Placenta with membranes was removed in toto
Uterine suturing done and hemostasis secured.
Total blood loss was estimated to be 750ml.
Bilateral tube ligation was done
Abdomen was closed in layers
Patient condition was stable and was shifted to post operative
ward.
Baby was admitted to NICU for observation and was discharged
after 5days.
Post-operative period was uneventful
24. Suture removal done on 7th post operative day and
wound was healthy.
Patient was discharged on 8th postoperative day and
was reviewed in OP after 1 week
26. Pregnancy with prior caesarean delivery is quite
prevalent in present day obstetric practice
This is due to liberalization of primary caesarean
section with non-recurrent indications
These cases are called ‘post caesarean pregnancy’
27. Effects On Pregnancy And
Labor
Increases risk of
Preterm labor
abortion
Operative interference
Placenta praevia
Adherent placenta(placenta accreta,increta,percreta)
Rupture uterus
Post partum hemorrhage
Peripartum hysterectomy
Injury to bowel and bladder during surgery
28. Effects On The Scar
Increased risk of scar rupture
More risk in classical/ hysterotomy scar than
lower segment scar
Lower segment scar rupture during labor
(incidence is 0.2-1.5%)
Classical/ hysterotomy scar ruptures during
late pregnancy and labor(incidence is 4-9%)
Impairment of healing can cause early scar
rupture
29. Healing of the uterine wound
Uterine wound is healed by muscles and connective
tissues, if the apposition of the margins is perfect
Factors of prime importance in impaired wound
healing
1. Imperfect apposition
2. Presence of sepsis
3. Presence of hematoma in the wound
4. Poor general condition
5. Excessive stretching of LUS leading to diminished
vascularity
30. Lower SEGMENT VS CLASSICAL/
HYSTEROTOMY SCAR
Lower Segment Classical /Hysterotomy
Apposition Perfect, no pockets of
blood
Difficult to appose
State of uterus during
healing
The part of uterus
remains inert
The part contracts and
retracts
Stretching effect Along the line of scar At right angles to scar
Placental implantation Attachment on scar
unlikely
Placenta more likely to
implant on scar
Net effect Sound scar Weak scar
Chances of rupture 0.2 - 1.5% 4 - 9%
Mortality following
rupture
Maternal and perinatal
death less
more
31. INTEGRITY OF THE SCAR
CLASSICAL SCAR :
The scar is weak.
The scar is more likely to give way during pregnancy with
increased risk to the mother and fetus.
These cases should be delivered by LSCS
LOWER SEGMENT TRANSVERSE SCAR:
Usually heals better. During the course of labour the
integrity of the scar need to be assessed.
High index of suspicion is essential.
Factor that are to be considered while assessing scar are:
evidences of Scar Dehiscence during labor.
32. PREVIOUS SCAR
Dehiscence-
separation along
the line of the
previous
scar(without
involving the
peritoneal coat)
Rupture –
when the unscarred
tissue is also involved
in separation
34. Previous operative notes
Indication of caesarean section:
(a) Placenta praevia –
(i) imperfect apposition due to quick surgery and
(ii) thrombosis of the placental sinuses.
(b) Following prolonged labor-increased chance of sepsis.
Technical difficulty in the primary operation
leading to tears to involve the branches of
uterine vessels.
35. Hysterography in interconceptional period:
Hysterography, 6 months after the operation, may
reveal defect on the scar(wedge depression of more
than 5mm)
Pregnancy(present and past):
(1) Pregnancy occurring soon after operation
(2)Pregnancy complication such as twins or
polyhydramnios puts stretching effect on the scar
(3)h/o previous vaginal delivery following LSCS
(4)Placenta praevia in present pregnancy
36. Hospitalization
LSCS scar Hospitalization at 38 weeks
Classical CS at 36 weeks due to possibility of
rupture of scar in pregnancy
37. VBAC TRIAL OF LABOUR
Proper case selection :- 2/3 of previous CS TOL; 2/3 of TOL
VBAC
Successful trial results in vaginal delivery of a live fetus without
scar rupture
A failed trial is said to occur when a emergency caesarean
section is required or there is scar rupture
VBAC is successful in 70-76% of cases
38. Selection of cases of VBAC
1. Type of prior uterine incision 1 LS transverse incision
2. Prior indication if recurrent, elective CS should be done (success more
when prior indication is breech/fetal distress/placenta praevia/
abruption)
3. Prior vaginal delivery (if woman had H/O vaginal delivery chance of
VBAC increased)
4. Post-op infection can make scar weak
5. Pelvis adequate for the fetus
6. Continued labour monitoring possible
7. Informed consent of the woman
39. How many years back was the CS done ??
Min 18 months to heal the scar, so a gap of 18-24
months is necessary
40. Present pregnancy
1) No medical / obstetric complication
2) Average sized baby
3) Vertex presentation
4) No CPD
41. USG
To assess integrity of scar if myometrial thickness > 3.5mm,
decreased risk of rupture
Helps to assess placental location
If placenta implanted over the scar high chance of adherent
placenta on USG no subplacental sonolucent zone
42. Contraindications to VBAC
Previous classical incision
Previous two LSCS
Pelvis contracted or suspected CPD
Previous inverted T/ extension of incision
Malpresentations
Medical /obstetric complication
Multiple pregnancy
Resources limited for emergency caesarean delivery
Patient’s refusal to undergo trial
43. Elective caesarean section
If VBAC is contraindicated / if patient refuses
Timing
• if fetal maturity is sure 39wks
• if not wait for pains to start or membranes to
rupture
• previous classical CS 38 wks
44. Evidence of scar rupture during labor
Abnormal CTG: late deceleration, most consistent finding
Suprapubic pain: persisting between contractions
Shoulder tip pain or chest pain or sudden onset of shortness
of breath
Acute onset of scar tenderness
Abnormal vaginal bleeding or haematuria
Cessation of uterine contractions which were previously
adequate
Maternal tachycardia, hypotension or shock
Loss of station of presenting part
Meconium staining of amniotic fluid
45. ADMISSION AT
38 WEEKS
ADMISSION AT
36 WEEKS
ELECTIVE
HOSPITALIZATION
LOWER
SEGMENT
TRANSVERSE
SCAR
ELECTIVE
C.S.
VAGINAL
DELIVERY
CLASSICAL/
HYSTEROTOMY
SCAR
ELECTIVE
C.S. AT 38
WEEKS
CASE
ASSESSMENT
FORMULATION
OF Mode OF
DELIVERY
46. MANAGEMENT OF LABOUR
Iv-Ringer solution
Blood sample – Hb%, grouping, cross matching
Spontaneous onset of labor desired
Monitoring –clinical and electronic
Epidural analgesia
Augmentation by oxytocin – selectively & judiciously
Prophylactic forceps or ventouse to cut short 2nd stage
Exploration of uterus
47. Delivery
Cut short the second stage with outlet
forceps/vacuum
Look for excessive bleeding in third stage-sign of
scar rupture
If bleeding is excessive- emergency laparotomy
Observe for 4-6hrs in labour ward
48. BENEFITS
Decrease in-
maternal morbidity
hospital stay
need for blood
transfusion
risk of abnormal
placentation
need for c-section in
next pregnancy
MATERNAL:
Uterine rupture
Risk of hysterectomy
Infections
Maternal morbidity
FOETAL:
Fetal distress
Low APGAR
Death
COMPLICATION
S
49. STERILISATION
• Increasing risk after each operation
• During third time CS sterilization should be
considered unless there is sufficiently strong
reason to withhold it