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yonas bishaw information society-evolvement
1. 1
Information Society Approaches and ICT
Processes (IFI8101)
The concept of information society and
its development
Peeter Normak
2. 2
Objective of the lecture
We attempt to answer the following questions:
• How to define an information society?
• How the concept Information Society has been evolved?
• What were and are the reasons for the development of the
information society?
3. 3
The structure of the lecture
Definition of the
Information
Society (ISoc)
Definition of the
Knowledge Society
(KSoc)
Formation of the
ISoc conception
Reasons of
formation of ISoc
4. 4
Introduction of the term Information Society
First was the term Information Society – in Japanies language – used in
Japan at the beginning of 1960-ies (Kisho Kurokawa, Tudao
Umesao).
1964 – first appearance of the term in a publication (Michiko Igarashi,
Jiro Kamishima). NB! 2014-1964 = 50!
1968/1969 – first usage of the term in the title of a monograph (Yujiro
Hayashi, Yoneji Masuda, Konichi Kohuma).
1970 – first usage in English language (Yoneji Masuda).
NB! There is still no commonly agreed definition of this
concept!
6. 6
Information society – definition 1
Wikipedia:
An information society is a society where the creation, distribution, use,
integration and manipulation of information is a significant economic,
political, and cultural activity. The aim of the information society is to
gain competitive advantage internationally, through using IT in a
creative and productive way.
7. 7
Information society – definition 2
Business Dictionary:
Information society is a post-industrial society in which information
technology (IT) is transforming every aspect of cultural, political, and
social life and which is based on the production and distribution of
information.
It is characterized by the
(1)pervasive influence of IT on home, work, and recreational aspects of
the individuals daily routine,
(2)stratification into new classes those who are information-rich and
those who are information-poor,
(3)loosening of the nation state's hold on the lives of individuals and the
rise of highly sophisticated criminals who can steal identities and vast
sums of money through information related (cyber) crime.
8. 8
Information society – definition 3
Estonian Information Society Strategy 2013:
The term “information society” usually denotes a society, where the
majority of values created by mankind are contained in information.
Most of the information stored by the society is maintained,
transformed and transmitted in a universal digital form. By using a
data exchange network, all members of society have access to
information.
NB! Estonian Information Society Strategy 2020 does not contain any
definition of Information Society! Neither A digital agenda for
Europe:
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:0245:FIN:EN:PDF
9. 9
Information Society – definition 4
The IBM Community Development Foundation:
A society characterised by a high level of information intensity in the
everyday life of most citizens, in most organisations and workplaces;
by the use of common or compatible technology for a wide range of
personal, social, educational and business activities, and by the
ability to transmit, receive and exchange digital data rapidly between
places irrespective of distance.
10. 10
Information Society – OECD conceptual model*
Components:
• ICT demand (users and uses)
• ICT supply (producers and production)
• ICT in a wider context (education, innovation etc)
Connectors/mediators/enablers:
• ICT infrastructure
• ICT products
• Information and electronic content
* OECD Guide to Measuring the Information Society 2011, page 13.
Compare with the key words from NETIS Course Book, pages 212-213.
11. 11
Information Society – a generic definition
Information society is a society where economic development,
culture, politics and well-being of its members bases to a great extent on
production and using of information.
The meaning of Information – a message being conveyed. A message
can be of different types, for example:
• formal – a sequence of symbols,
• physical – a collection of signals (for example, sound or light)
NB! Information as such should not necessarily have some meaning.
For example, the sequence TAG can represent a part in DNA double
helix, or it can mean the translation of DAY in German language.
12. 12
Information and Knowledge
There does not exist any commonly agreed definition of knowledge.
Example (one of the most general definitions): Knowledge is any
acquired experience that helps the man to make sense of the world.
If information has been perceived by a conscious mind and also
interpreted by it, the specific context associated with this interpretation
may cause the transformation of the information into knowledge.
Possible general formula:
Knowledge = Information + meaning (Example: TAG as DAY)
Knowledge = Information + experience + belief
13. 13
Knowledge Society (KS)
KS is a society which bases to a great extent on analysis and
application of knowledge for improving the human living.
A knowledge society differs from information society in that the
former serves to transform information into resources that allow society
to take effective action while the latter only creates and disseminates
the raw data (C. Castelfranchi, 2007).
NB! The word “knowledge” (“information”) appears 54 (100) times in
the “Information society” Wikipedia article (9.01.2014).
NNB! The word “information” (“knowledge”) appears 23 (59) times in
the “Knowledge society” Wikipedia article (9.01.2014)
14. 14
Information Society versus Knowledge Society
9.01.2014
Google:
• “information society” – 1 580 000
• “knowledge society” – 621 000
Yahoo:
• “information society” – 2 350 000
• “knowledge society” – 380 000
16. 16
Possible solution?
1. Considering the term Information Society as a metaphor.
2. Adapt the concepts to the language, basing, for example, on the Knowledge-
based Theory of Information1)
:
• Data are the measure for description of objects or events.
• Knowledge is justified true belief of the relationship between constructs.
• Information is the meaning produced from data based on a knowledge framework
that is associated with the selection of the state of conditional readiness for goal-
directed activities.
1)
William J.Kettinger, Yuan Li (2010). The infological equation extended: towards conceptual
clarity in the relationship between data, information and knowledge. European Journal
of Information Systems 19, 409-421.
17. 17
Formation of the concept – Machlup
Fritz Machlup (1902-1983) started systematic studies about the role
of knowledge in development of society. Initially (in 1930-ies) he
studied the effect of patents on research, and later widened his
scope to the industry sector.
NB! He was 20 when he got his PhD degree.
Introduced in 1962 the notion knowledge economy/industry (in his
book “The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United
States” ).
He considered the following as knowledge sectors: education, research
and development, mass media, information technologies,
information services.
Benoit Godin (2008). “The Knowledge Economy: Fritz Maclup’s Construction of a
Synthetic Concept”: http://www.csiic.ca/PDF/Godin_37.pdf
18. 18
Formation of the concept – Drucker
Peter Ferdinand Drucker (1909-2005).
Introduced the concepts knowledge worker (1959) and knowledge society
(1969). Introduced also the concepts Outsourcing and Third sector.
Propagated the idea that an enterprise should base on its core competence
and outsource the rest.
According to his views the economy will base in the future on the production
of knowledge, instead of physical goods.
NB1. He was in fact also a proponent of the principles of flexible (agile)
methodologies.
NB2. Knowledge already became a commodity (Examples: Digital libraries, Google).
See the Key ideas of P.Drucker: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Drucker
19. 19
Formation of the concept – Castells
Manuel Castells (Manuel Castells Oliván, born 1942; Google Scholar – 38 700)
brought with his book “The Rise of Network Society” (1996) the concept
network society in common usage.
His fundamental Information Age trilogy:
•1996: The Rise of the Network Society
•1997: The Power of Identity
•1998: End of Millennium.
“A network society is a society where the key social structures and activities are
organized around electronically processed information networks”.
Network society was in his understanding not only as a connected set of
subjects (as van Dijk it considered), but involves also the aspects of culture,
economy and politics.
Introduced the concept Space of Flows.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_society
20. 20
Related concepts and key persons (Google Scholar hits in
10.01.2014)
• 1970 – super-industrial society (Alvin Toffler, “information overload”; GS – 20 000)
• 1971 – post-industrial society (Alain Touraine; GS – 19 900)
• 1978 – wired society (James H. Martin; GS – ?)
• 1979 – postmodern society (Jean-Franç ois Lyotard; 26 000)
• 1986 – risk society (Ulrich Beck; 35 200)
• 1991 – network society (Jan van Dijk, Google Scholar – 2 570)
• 1993 – post-capitalist society (Peter F. Drucker; GS – 15 000)
• 1997 – informational capitalism (Tessa Morris-Suzuki; GS – 1 640)
• 1999 – digital capitalism (Peter Glotz; GS – 2 970)
• 2007 – transnational network/informational capitalism (Chr. Fuchs; GS – 1 650)
• …
21. 21
Example: Application of the Network Society concept
Connectivism – application in education. Introduced by George
Siemens and Stephen Downes (2005). Basic principles:
• Learning and knowledge rests in diversity of opinions.
• Learning is a process of connecting specialized nodes or information
sources.
• Learning may reside in non-human appliances.
• Learning is more critical than knowing.
• Maintaining and nurturing connections is needed to facilitate continual
learning.
• Perceiving connections between fields, ideas and concepts is a core skill.
• Currency (accurate, up-to-date knowledge) is the intent of learning activities.
• Decision-making is itself a learning process.
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Development of technology
The storage capacity:
The amount of electronically stored information grows exponentially
(1986 – 2.6 exabyte; 2007 – 295 EB; 1 EB = 1018
bytes).
The capacity of communication channels:
The growth is exponential as well (1986 - 281 petabyte/day, 2007 – 65
EB/day; 1 PB = 1015
bytes).
Computing power:
Growth about 4 degrees (1986 – 3×108
MIPS, 2007 – 6.4×1012
MIPS; 1
MIPS = Million instructions per second).
24. 24
Structural change of the economy
From the middle of 20th
century, the markets had tremendously
expanded.
Innovation to improve production became the main prerequisite of
competitiveness and sustainability.
The services sector (including research and information services)
started to act as the most important enabler.
Examples:
1. The total volume of services and production were almost equal in
Germany in 1960-ies. The ratio is now about 3:1.
2. The proportion of services offered by IBM rose between 1995
and 2005 in its revenues from 28% to 55%.
25. 25
Work processes in a traditional production company
• Products and services were company-centered, based on
the company’s capabilities.
• Manufacturing (particularly mass production) was
standardized and based on pre-defined unified processes.
• Production assumed certain – previously defined –
knowledge and skills of workers.
• Internal communication (including knowledge distribution)
was normally top-down; involvement of workers in
knowledge creation was minimal.
• The processes are rigid and the changes in environmental
conditions are slowly taken into account.
• What else?
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Work processes in the future
• Work is outcome-driven, relying on the cooperation and
competence of all parties involved.
• Work is dynamically adaptive, taking into account the
individual needs of each individual client.
• Taking into account the individual needs of the clients
assumes their involvement and negotiations.
• Quick reaction and response to changing conditions and
needs of clients, innovative and flexible approach in
solving problems.
• What else?
Foto: Juan Pablo Olmo
27. 27
Secondary reasons for development of information society
Some reasons:
1. Services are moving to the Internet, which has evolved into a global
marketing instrument.
2. Adaptation of products and services to the individual needs of each client
(co-creation, mass customization).
3. Emerging of horizontal and distributed cooperation networks
(communities of practice, thematic networks, digital ecosystems etc).
4. Introduction of new process and business models.
5. What else?
All these activities are critically based on information/knowledge and
networking.
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Conclusion 2
Development of information society is caused first
of all by extremely fast development of technology
and corresponding structural changes of the
economy and work processes.
29. 29
Discussion
Will
1)fast development of technology
2)structural changes of the economy
3)changes of the work processes
be still the main reasons for further
development of information society?
Or will some decrease in importance and
something new come up?
