Philippine History

1. RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN FILIPINO AND
AMERICAN LEADERSHIP

2. Collaboration and Compromise
 It should be noted that some
of the elite, or ilustrados,
joined the revolution only
when they saw the possibility
of success.
 Their participation also
characterized by their
willingness to compromise
with the revolution especially
to ensure their interests.

3. Collaboration and Compromise
 The ilustrados helped in reorganizing the
local government
 In November 1898, the Negros elite
organized themselves into a provincial
government that was against the
Aguinaldo government. In 1899, the
American flag was raised in Bacolod

4. Accomodation
American
colonial
policy
was
designed
to win the
support
of the
Filipinos
Elite personalities were rewarded with
important positions in the government
William H. Taft, adopted the “policy of
attraction” (Philippines for the Filipinos)
Philippine Bill of 1902 (Cooper Act)
established the Philippine Assembly in 1907
American officials allowed the establishment
of the Federal Party whose platform was
annexation

5. Accomodation
American
also
implemented
Filipinization
The Supreme Court (1899) was composed of 9
judges, 6 of whom were Filipinos but was decreased
into 3 after the Reorganization Act of 1901. However,
the number of Filipinos in lower courts increased.
Provincial and municipal governments were under
Filipinos control
By 1913, the Philippine Commission was Filipinized
During the term of Governor-General Francis B.
Harisson (1913-1921), there was rapid Filipinization
The Jones Law (1916), created a bicameral and an-
all Filipino legislature

6. A group of Filipinos with
Harrison

7. Accomodation
 Suffrage was granted suffrage but only to males
(21 and above), the propertied, and those who
could speak, read, and write in English and
Spanish.
 The Americans were also successful in co-opting
the ruling elite in the cultural communities.
Mindanao
American
teachers and
missionaries
provided social
services and
education with
the assistance
of Sultans and
datus
Cordillera
They used
their military
firepower and
goodwill to
establish
political
structures
Sulu
Under Bates
Treaty,
Americans
were allowed
in trade and
commerce but
not to interfere
with internal
affairs
Mindanao
Carpenter-
Kiram
Agreement in
1915, US
extended total
sovereignty
over all
territories of
the sultanate

8. FILIPINO RESISTANCE
TO AMERICAN RULE

9. Miguel
Malvar
Batangas and Laguna
Luciano
San
Miguel
Rizal and Bulacan
Artemio
Ricarte
Vicente
Lucban
Samar
Resistance of Former Officials of
the Revolutionary Army

10. Resistance with Nativistic
Features
 Many rebel leaders had the support of the
peasants
 Salvador Felipe (a.k.a Apo Ipe), who
organized a movement called Santa Iglesia, or
Holy Church and was regarded by peasants
as their Robin Hood and Messiah
 Ruperto Rios established a municipal
government in Quezon who claimed to be the
“Son of God” and gave his men amulets to
make them invulnerable

11. Resistance with Nativistic
Features
 Papa Iso, in Negros, had a group called
babaylanes or pulahanes burned haciendas
owned by pro-American elite
 Pulahan movements emerged in Cebu,
Panay, Leyte, and Samar (called Dios-dios)

12. Resistance of the Muslims and
other cultural groups
American policy
was to
neutralize
Muslim
resistance
through the
Bates Treaty of
1899
Resistance
prevailed in
Cotabato,
Maguindanao,
and Lanao
Lumads, like
Mandayas and
Subanons, also
rose against
American
government

13. COLONIAL POLITICS

14. Beginnings
 Americans suppressed the nationalist
political parties
 In 1906, the ban was lifted and the
Nacionalista Party was established who
called for “immediate independence”
while the Federalists, who later called their
party “Partido Nacional Progresista” called
for “eventual independence”

15. Osmeña-Quezon Rift
 With the creation of Senate
under Jones Law in 1916,
Quezon became the Senate
President
 Quezon challenged the
leadership of Osmeña (was
called dictatorial), who since the
time of Taft was the undisputed
leader of the Filipinos
 Osmeña defended that his style
of leadership as representative
in nature for the majority of the
majority party represented
public opinion.

16. Nature/Characteristics of Colonial
Politics
• Americans warned Quezon, who was then the majority floor
leader, that his opposition to free trade would be “dangerous”
to his career, thus, the Assembly privately agreed to support
free trade
• On the question of independence, Filipinos leaders advocated
it as gimmick to win voted

17. Nature/Characteristics of Colonial
Politics
 Senator Claro M. Recto hinted anomalies
committed by the majority party (i.e
Nacionalista Party)
 In his book The Cornerstone of the Philippine
Independence: A Narrative of Seven Years,
Gov.Gen. Francis Harrsion Burton (1913-1921)
enumerated the defects of the Philippine
Legislature

18. THE CAMPAIGN FOR
INDEPENDENCE

19. Historical Background
Americans wanted
to duplicate in the
Philippines the
ideals of
democratic self-
rule
In 1901, the
Americans allowed
the Filipinos to
assume positions
in municipal and
provincial
governments
Establishment of
the Philippine
Assembly in 1907

20. Historical Background
The Jones Law
of 1916 promised
independence as
soon as stable
government can
be established
The Filipino
position on
independence
was not always
clear.

21. Measures Employed by the
Filipinos to Campaign for
Independence
The Philippine Assembly
(after 1916, Philippine
Legislature), passed
resolutions advocating
independence
The Philippine Assembly
created the Commission of
Independence
The Supreme Council was
launched by Quezon to
bring all political parties
together for a more active
campaign for
independence
The Philippine Legislature
passed the bill providing
for a plebiscite on
immediate independence
of 1925 but was vetoed by
Gov. Gen Leonard Wood

22. Results
American authorities consistently rejected
the appeal of Filipinos for independence
in the belief that Filipinos were not ready
for self-government and that it was not
the real desire of their leaders
Quezon had the law rejected by the
Philippine Legislature for several reasons:
• It had unfavorable trade and immigration provisions
• It allowed the retention of American military and
naval reservations
• It was politically motivated: Quezon refused to
acknowledge the leadership of Osmeña and Roxas

23. Results
Quezon secured
another
independence law,
the Tydings-
McDuffie Act,
which was just a
re-run of the Hare-
Hawes-Cutting Act
The Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act was promoted by
the American interest groups
Farm groups
affected by
economic
depression
that hit the US
in the 1930s
The American
Federation of
Labor and
other
“patriotic”
societies
favored
granting of
Philippine
Independence
The
isolationsits
were worried
that the
retention of
Philippines by
US
involvement
in a war with
Japan

24. Thank you!!