Philippine Native Pig

1. Breed Development, Production and Profitable
Utilization of Native Pigs
September 12-13, 2019
Synan S. Baguio, Ph.D.
Supervising Research Specialist &
OIC, Livestock Research Division
DOST-PCAARRD
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2. Background of Philippine Native Pigs Development
Traditionally…
• In the Philippines, native pigs are important features of rural farm landscapes
• They are the most popular domesticated food animal species in the country
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3. Traditionally…
• Ensure food security to rural farming communities
• Provide petty cash to rural farming families
• Serve as financial buffer during lean months or
failures in crop production
Background of Philippine Native Animals Breed Development
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4. Traditionally…
• Provide socio-cultural services to rural farming communities
‒ as specialty food during celebrations and cultural ceremonies
‒ as gifts to family and friends
‒ as offering during rituals
Background of Philippine Native Animals Breed Development
Etag
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5. However…
• Native pig production remains as
a backyard activity that does not
ensure stable income
Background of Philippine Native Animals Breed Development
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6. Industry trends and consumer preferences
Current trends
• Shifting consumer preferences toward meat with unique taste,
flavor and texture
• Increasing awareness on food quality and safety
• Preference for and willingness to pay premium prices for organically
and/or naturally produced food products
• Increasing concern on environmental protection and animal welfare
• National interest on native animal genetic resources conservation
and utilization
• Evolution of new markets for native animal products
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7. Desired traits of native animals
• Adapted to the natural climatic and
physical environments
• More resistant to diseases and resilient
to extremes of weather
• Able to survive and reproduce with
minimal human intervention
• Products are preferred and paid a
premium price by consumers
Industry trends and consumer preferences
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8. • Producers’ preference:
– Uniform physical characteristics
– Predictable production
performance
– Low cost to produce
• Consumers’ preference:
– Consistent product quality
– Stable supply of products
– Easy access to products
Desired traits of native animals
Industry trends and consumer preferences
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9. PNAD Goal &
Objectives
2018 2019 2020 2021
Develop sustainable
production & profitable
utilization of improved
Philippine native animal
breeds
Purify & improve
native animals thru
organized and sustained
breeding programs
Develop appropriate &
efficient production
management systems for
native animals
Sell and distribute native
animal products thru
various marketing
platforms
Establish nucleus breeder &
multiplier farms of improved
native animal breeds
trainings
2016 2017 2022
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10. • provide additional income and
other socio-economic services
• used in cultural and ethnic ritual
activities
• major inputs to ethnic delicacies
• wide variability and unpredictable
production performance
• adaptability to local feed materials, climate and
cultural management practices
• unstable supply and inconsistent product quality due
to lack of an organized breeding and production
management system
• several groups identified thru
phenotypic and genetic
characterization
• unpredictable breeding outcome
Technologies on
Feeding & Other
Management
Systems
Stable
Supply of
Products
User’s
Preferences
Management
Practices
Conceptual Framework of Philippine Native Animals Dev’t.
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11. Homogeneous populations
Philippine Native Pigs Breed Development Strategy
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12. Homogeneous but genetically diverse populations
Philippine Native Pigs Breed Development Strategy
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13. Black with small
white patches in
forehead and legs
20.5 kg at 6 mos.
60.3 cm body length
26.7 cm head length
9.2 cm snout length
15.0 cm tail length
11.8 cm ear length
63.0 cm chest girth
45.7 cm height
at wither
6 pairs teat
Black with white feet
16.9 kg at 6 mos.
59.8 cm body length
26.3 cm head length
snout length
18.8 cm tail length
9.3 cm ear length
78.8 cm chest girth
46.0 cm height
at wither
5 pairs teat
Black
20.5 kg at 6 mos.
61.0 cm body length
22.0 cm head length
snout length
19.0 cm tail length
10.0 cm ear length
63.0 cm chest girth
42.0 cm height
at wither
6 pairs teat
Black
20.0 kg at 6 mos.
46.0 cm body length
18.5 cm head length
10.0 cm snout length
14.5 cm tail length
9.0 cm ear length
49.5 cm chest girth
38.0 cm height
at wither
6 pairs teat
Philippine
Native Pigs
Breed
Development
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14. Black
15.0 kg at 6 mos.
58.0 cm body length
19.0 cm head length
9.1 cm snout length
16.0 cm tail length
11.0 cm ear length
56.0 cm chest girth
43.0 cm height
at wither
6 pairs teat
Black
31.7 kg at 6 mos.
58.4 cm body length
19.8 cm head length
snout length
10.0 cm tail length
7.5 cm ear length
55.9 cm chest girth
37.8.0 cm height
at wither
6 pairs teat
Black
36.0 kg at 6 mos.
76.6.0 cm body length
29.5 cm head length
snout length
24.2.0 cm tail length
11.7 cm ear length
70.9 cm chest girth
45.0 cm height
at wither
6 pairs teat
Q-PIG
MARKADUKE
PIG
Philippine
Native Pigs
Breed
Development
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15. Commercial Utilization of native pigs
Commercial production of breeder pigs and semen
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16. Commercial Utilization of native pigs
Commercial production of weanlings, slaughter pigs and lechon
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17. Requisites of Free Range Native Pig Production Enterprise
• Suitable production site or land area
• Fencing and housing facilities
• Stable feed supply (forage and concentrate)
• Reliable water supply facilities
• Reliable technical and breeding support services
• Accessible technology and information support services
• Reliable market for native pig products
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18. Requisites of Free Range Native Pig Production Enterprise
Suitable production site and/or land area
• Must be in an agricultural zone
• Wide enough that would allow planting of forages and free
ranging of pigs
• Well drained and not prone to flooding
• Accessible to buyers and allow easy transport of inputs and
products
• At least 1 km away from potential sources of disease and toxins
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19. Requisites of Free Range Native Pig Production Enterprise
Fencing and housing facilities
• Provide enclosure and protect
the pigs from inclement weather
and predators
• Allow easy access and
convenient movements of
animals and farm workers
• Effectively separate different
classes of pigs in the farm
• Easy to clean and maintain
• Low cost
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20. Requisites of Free Range Native Pig Production Enterprise
Fencing and housing facilities
• Feeding trough that minimize
wastage and easy access of feeds
• Water bowls and/or nipples that
ensure continuous supply of clean
drinking water
• Weighing scale
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21. Requisites of Free Range Native Pig Production Enterprise
Stable feed supply (forage and concentrate) all year round
• Must have access to sources of concentrate feeds (e.g. rice
and/or corn bran, corn grains, copra meal and other crop by
products)
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22. Requisites of Free Range Native Pig Production Enterprise
Stable feed supply (forage and concentrate) at all seasons
• Sufficient source of farm produced forages (e.g. trichantera,
azolla, duck weed, kangkong, gabi and other edible
vegetations)
• Access to food processing by-products
* Swill or slop
feeding is
discouraged due
to the risk of ASF
infection
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23. Requisites of Free Range Native Pig Production Enterprise
Reliable water supply facilities
• Ensure year round supply of water for drinking, bathing and
cleaning
• Water pumps for deep well
• Service from water service providers
• Rain water catching facility
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24. Requisites of Free Range Native Pig Production Enterprise
Reliable technical and breeding support services
• Deworming and vaccination services
• Breeding and/or AI services
• Veterinary and health care services
• Disease diagnostic services
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25. Requisites of Free Range Native Pig Production Enterprise
Accessible technology and information support services
• Breeding and assisted reproduction technologies
• Free range production management technologies
• Feeding and forage production technologies
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26. Requisites of Free Range Native Pig Production Enterprise
Reliable market for products
• Price information services
• Marketing facilities
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27. Selection, Breeding and Reproduction
of Native Pigs
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28. Selection, Breeding and Reproduction
Producers’ and consumers’ preferences
• Uniformity
• Predictability
• Cost of production
• Consistent quality
• Stable supply of products
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29. Selection, Breeding and Reproduction
To meet the producers’ and consumers’ preferences:
• Uniformity, predictability and consistent product quality is
attained by selecting and breeding pigs that belong to the
same genetic group e.g.
X =
Markaduke Boar Markaduke Sow Markaduke Piglets
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30. Selection, Breeding and Reproduction
To meet the producers’ and consumers’ preferences:
• Low cost of production is attained by selecting and breeding
pigs that are adapted to the natural environment and to
traditional management practices in the community.
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31. Selection, Breeding and Reproduction
To meet the producers’ and consumers’ preferences:
• Stable supply of products is achieved by selecting and breeding
prolific sows coupled with good feeding and management
systems.
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32. Selection, Breeding and Reproduction
Useful tips in selection and breeding
• Select breeders that:
– come from litters of more than 8
piglets
– have 12 or more viable teats
– have body length that is longer than
the average (measured from
between the ears to the base of the
tail)
Photo courtesy of Dr. RC Santiago
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33. Selection, Breeding and Reproduction
Useful tips in selection and breeding
• Select breeders that:
– are produced from parents selected and raised under
natural environments
– are similar in physical characteristics (color and
conformation)
– are produced from parents that are docile
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34. Selection, Breeding and Reproduction
Useful tips in selection and breeding
• Do final selection of potential breeders at slaughter age
e.g. 4.5 to 5 months of age
– free from physical defects and abnormality
– free from disease
– weigh between 25 to 35 kg at 5 months of age
– docile
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35. Selection, Breeding and Reproduction
Useful tips in reproduction
• Breed gilts and boars at 7-8 months of age
− animals bred too early are likely to produce small
litters, low reproduction efficiency and shorter
productive period
• Ensure that breeders are in good body condition at the
time of breeding
• Allow breedable females to run with boar (1:10 ratio)
• Avoid breeding closely related individuals
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36. Selection, Breeding and Reproduction
Useful tips in reproduction
• Breed thru AI (if available)
• Separate sows that are due to farrow and those with
newly born litter from the herd
• Limit lactation period to a maximum of 45 days (target is
farrowing index of 2)
• Feed piglets early to allow early weaning
• Cull sows and boars that cannibalize live piglets and those
that are aggressive
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37. Housing and Range Enhancement
Practices for Native Pigs
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38. Housing and Range Enhancement Practices for Native Pigs
• Prepare the housing and enclosure facilities and forage
production areas before bringing in the pigs
– construction of housing or sheds and fences
– establishment of forage areas
Photos courtesy of Dr. RC Santiago
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39. Housing and Range Enhancement Practices for Native Pigs
• Housing for native pigs may either be:
‒ deep litter (sow and litter)
‒ concrete floor (nursery)
‒ Shed with dirt floor for free range (for 3 mos. or older)
‒ combination of the above
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40. Housing and Range Enhancement Practices for Native Pigs
• Native pigs are adapted to different types of housing
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41. Free Range Management Practices for
Native Pigs
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42. Free Range Management Practices for Native Pigs
• Feeding of breeder and grower pigs
‒ feed 2 times daily (ideally 50% of nutrient required is
provided by forages produced in the farm)
• Health care
– practice regular vaccination (2 mos old weanlings and
every 6 mos for breeders)
– practice regular deworming (1 mo. old piglets and
before mating or AI for breeders)
– observe recommended biosecurity practices in the farm
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43. Way Forward Plan for Native Pig
Industry Development
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44. Sustaining Commercial Production of Native Pigs
Breed improvement
• Continuous breeding and selection to improve specific traits i.e.
- Reproduction efficiency, litter size, mothering ability and docility
- Growth rate and body conformation
- Carcass and meat quality
• Deliberate effort to maintain or keep the native animal’s:
- Adaptability to the natural environment (climate, feed,
- Resilience to extremes of weather
- Unique taste and texture of its meat
- Functional nutrients in its meat
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45. Innovations in free range management
• Feeding
• Housing
• Health care
• Forage production and range area enhancement
• Selection of suitable production site
Sustaining Commercial Production of Native Pigs
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46. Organized production and marketing systems by private players
• Organized market oriented production system
• Adherence to product quality standards
• Product diversification
• Product development and value adding
• Innovative (strategic) marketing and pricing systems
• Efficient use of ICT platforms
Sustaining Commercial Production of Native Pigs
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47. Strategic information and technology generation and sharing
• Innovative R&D programs and projects planning and
implementation
• Functional private-public partnership in industry development
and promotion
• Optimization of income thru product development, value-
adding and market positioning
Sustaining Commercial Production of Native Pigs
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48. Areas where native pig R&D activities are implemented
CAR
BSU, KASC
Region 4a and 4b
UPLB, MSC,
NSPRDC-BAI
Region 2
ISU
Region 8
ESSU
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49. For more information pls. contact:
Dr. Synan S. Baguio
Officer-in-charge
Email: synanb@yahoo.com
Mobile No.: 09167780975
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