Newcastle disease outbreak in region III (in ppt)

2. NEWCASTLE DISEASE
 Viral Disease
 Several types of birds
 Highly contagious
 Caused by strains of avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1)
 Respiratory, digestive, and/or neurological manifestations
 Zoonotic disease

3. NEW CASTLE DISEASE VIRUS
Viral Taxonomy
Order: Mononegavirales
Family: Paramyxoviridae
Subfamily: Paramyxovirinae
Genus: Avulavirus
Species: Newcastle Disease Virus
Other avian paramyxoviruses

4. Definitions and Synonyms
APMV 1 = Newcastle Disease
Pseudo-fowl pest, pseudovogel-pest, atypische,
Geflugelpest, pseudo-poultry plague, avian pest, avian
distemper, Raniket disease, Tetelo disease, Korean fowl
plague, and avian pneumoencephalitis
Exotic Newcastle disease: Infections with virulent APMV-1

5. NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS
 Pleomorphic
 100-500 nm
 Single-stranded, non segmented,
negative sense RNA
 Hemagglutination activity
 Neuraminidase activity
 Antigenically homogeneous group
 Different Pathotypes!!!

6. Hemagglutination (HA)
NDV and other APMV
Due to binding of HN protein to
receptors on the surface of RBC
Chicken RBC are used for HA
test, but NDV can agglutinate all
amphibian, reptilian and avian
cells

7. Susceptibility
Temperature: Inactivated by 56°C/3 hours, 60°C/30 min
Inactivated by acid pH
Chemicals: Ether sensitive
Disinfectants: Inactivated by formalin and phenol
Survival: Survives for long periods at ambient
temperature, especially in feces

8. Hosts
Infection has been demonstrated in at least 241 species
from 27 orders of birds
Chickens are the most susceptible species
White leghorns chickens seem to be more susceptible to
experimental infection than white rocks
Turkeys are more resistant than chickens
Waterfowl are believed to be quite resistant

9. A carrier state can exist in psittacine birds and other
birds
Mortality/morbidity influenced by species, strain of
virus, environmental factors, and vaccination practices
Hosts

10. Transmission
 Infection may take place by either inhalation or ingestion
 PPMV is shed by feces
 Virus may be present in aerosols
 Birds in contact with such aerosols become infected
 Large amounts of virus are excreted in the feces
 Ingestion of these feces result in infection
 Vertical transmission remains controversial

11. Dissemination of the Disease
 Movement of live birds
 Feral birds, pet/exotic birds, game birds, racing pigeons and commercial poultry
 Contact with other animals
 Movement of people and equipment
 Movement of poultry products
 Airborne spread
 Contaminated poultry feed
 Contaminated water
 Vaccines

12. The severity of the disease is
determined by:
 Viral strain
 Dose (level of challenge)
 Route of exposure
 Immune status
 Age
 Host species
 Incubation period: 3-8 days

13. Clinical Forms
Current Definition
Infections with:
Low virulent viruses
 Virulent viruses – Viscerotropic
Neurotropic

14. Infection with low virulent
viruses
 Primarily a respiratory condition of sudden onset and rapid spread
 Dyspnea
 Air sac lesions related to complicating infections E. coli, ORT
 Disease course: 10-14 days
 Poor productive performance
 NDV isolates from these clinical problems are similar to strain
vaccines

15. Infection with virulent viruses
(Exotic ND)
 Conjunctivitis
 Dyspnea
 Severe respiratory signs
 Subcutaneous edema around eye (cellulitis)
 Diarrhea (may be green)
 Prostration
 May be neurological signs
 Death

16. Prostration

17. Dyspnea

18. Facial Edema

19. Cyanosis of Comb

20. Conjunctivitis and blepharitis

21. Conjunctivitis and blefaritis

22. Salivation and Nasal Discharge

23. High Mortality and Gasping

24. Infection with virulent viruses
Neurotrophic Form (aka pneumoencephalitis)
Conjunctivitis
Dyspnea
Tremors
Torticollis
Wing or leg paralysis
The birds are unable to reach the feed or water
Death

25. Lack of Coordination

26. Movements of the head
(head shaking)

27. Torticollis

28. Torticollis

29. Torticollis

30. Paralysis of legs, and wing
droop

31. Opisthotonos

32. Gross Lesions
Gross lesions are dependant of the strain. Remarkable
with viscerotropic velogenic viruses
Hemorrhagic lesion in the intestine are characterized of
viscerotropic strains
Generally, gross lesions are not observed in the central
nervous system of birds infected with NDV, regardless of
the pathotype

33. Subcutaneal Edema in Neck and
Hemorrhagic Tracheitis

34. Hemorrhagic Tracheitis

35. Diphtheritic Laryngo-tracheitis

36. Fibrinous membranes in oral,
pharyngeal, and esophageal mucosa

37. Hemorrhages in Proventriculus

38. Intestinal Hemorrhages

39. Hemorrhages in Lymphoid Foci

40. Splenic Necrosis

41. Intestinal Ulcers

42. Normal Cecal Tonsils

43. Hemorrhagic Cecal Tonsils

44. Necrosis and Hemorrhages in Intestinal
Lymphoid aggregation Sites

45. Hemorrhagic Cecal Tonsils

46. Ulcers on cecal tonsils

47. Hemorrhages in Cloaca

49. Shrunken and Hemorrhagic Ovaries

50. Egg Abnormalities

51. Avian influenza
Fowl cholera
Laryngotracheitis
Infectious bronchitis
Metapneumovirus
Fowl pox (diphtheritic
form)
Mycoplasmosis
Psittacosis (chlamydiosis in
psittacine birds)
Pacheco's parrot disease
(psittacine birds)
Very virulent infectious bursal
disease
Differential Diagnosis

52. Definitive Diagnosis
Virus isolation
Detection of hemagglutination
Hemagglutination inhibition
RT-PCR and real time RT-PCR
Nucleotide and amino acid sequence analysis

53. Isolation and Agglutination

54. Live attenuated vaccines
B1 (Lentogenic)
LaSota (Lentogenic)
Roakin (Mesogenic)
Vaccine reaction

56. Recombinant Vaccines
Vectors: Herpesvirus of
turkeys
Fowl poxvirus
Fusion protein gene
In ovo application
Injection

57. ND is reportable to the World Organization for Animal
Health (OIE)
Zoonotic disease: Conjunctivitis in humans

58. NEWCASTLE
DISEASE UPDATE in
REGION III

61. Reported ND cases
Province No.of
Municipalities
No. of
Barangays
No. of Farmers
Afffected
Mortality
Aurora 5 45 1,353 28,884
Bataan 10 64 358 13,542
Bulacan 6 19 65 3,803
Pampanga 20 157 3,052 46,023
Nueva Ecija 32 800 331 200,000
Tarlac 11 30 50 127,452
Zambales 13 22 184 13,226
TOTAL 97 1,137 5,393 432,930

62. ACTIONS UNDERTAKEN
I. Conducted meetings
– Emergency meeting with the provincial, city and municipal
veterinarians on January 21, 2016.
– Meeting with stakeholders on February 16, 2016
– Meeting with stakeholders on February 26, 2016
– Meeting with stakeholders on April 1, 2016
– Meeting with stakeholders on April 26, 2016 (Anti-Rabies and
ND vaccination kick off at CLSU)

64. INFORMATION AND
EDUCATION CAMPAIGN
– Conducted series of info campaign in the 7 provinces of the region
– Zambales March 1, 2016
– Nueva Ecija March 3, 2016
– Tarlac March 4,2016
– Bataan March 8, 2016
– Bulacan March 10, 2016
– Aurora March 11, 2016
– Pampanga March 29, 2016

69. VACCINE DISTRIBUTION
PROVINCE REGIONAL
PURCHASED
BAI VACCINE PRIVATE SECTOR
1. Aurora 26,000 - -
2. Bataan 20,000 62,000 50,000
3. Bulacan 15,000 107,000 100,000
4. Nueva Ecija 35,000 - 400,000
5. Pampanga 24,000 300,000 100,000
6.Tarlac 20,000 200,000 200,000
7. Zambales 55,000 60,000 -
TOTAL 195,000 729,000 850,000

70. VACCINATION REPORT
Aurora – 20,020 heads
Bataan – 12,069 heads
Bulacan – 73,000 heads
Nueva Ecija*
Pampanga – 8,667 heads
Tarlac – 115,982 heads
Zambales – 8,466 heads
TOTAL = 238,204 heads
* 100,000 doses of vaccine given to CLSU, 60,000 to Cabiao & 40,000
to Zaragoza

75. Memorandum of Agreement
(Anti-Rabies & ND Vaccination)

76. Memorandum of Agreement
(Anti-Rabies & ND Vaccination)

77. QUARANTINE ACTIVITIES
–20 Quarantine checkpoints to be set up in the region
– 120 personnel to man the checkpoints will be hired by BAI
– 3 shifts at 2 personnel per shift to be supervised by PVO
– traffic barriers to be donated by private sectors
Aurora – 2 checkpoints Pampanga – 1 checkpoint
Bataan – 1 checkpoint Tarlac – 7 checkpoints
Bulacan – 5 checkpoint Zambales – 2 checkpoints
Nueva Ecija – 2 checkpoints

78. QUARANTINE ACTIVITIES
–Quarantine Check points
–Aurora √ Pampanga x
–Bataan √ Tarlac √
–Bulacan √ Zambales √
–Nueva Ecija √

86. Creation of the Newcastle Disease
Regional Quick Response Team
 Under the Special Order No. 353 series of 2016, the BAI lead the creation of
Regional Quick Response Team (RQRT) for Disease Events and Emergencies.

88. THANK YOU!