[Slideshare] fiqh-course(sept-2012-batch)-#4a-historyof madzahib-(6-oct-2012)

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH,
MOST COMPASSIONATE,
MOST MERCIFUL. “INTRODUCTION TO THE
STUDY OF FIQH ”
Intermediate Level Islamic course in English for Adults
conducted by Ustaz Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail

LESSON # 4a –
PRESERVATION OF
PRIMARY SOURCES AND BRIEF
HISTORY OF MADZAAHIB
And say: O Lord! Increase for me my knowledge

Using text & curriculum he has developed especially for
Muslim converts and young Adult English-speaking Muslims.

“To seek knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim (male & female)”

All Rights Reserved © Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2012)
)

PROPHET MUHAMMAD AS THE SOURCE FOR GUIDANCE

)


“ Verily, in the Messenger of Allah you have a good example
for everyone who looks forward (with hope and awe) to
Allah and the Last day, and who engages in the
remembrance of Allah unceasingly.”

(Qur’an : Al-Ahzab : 33 : 21)

)


“……and neither does he speak out of his own desire :
that (which he conveys to you) is but (a divine)
inspiration with which he is being inspired - something
that a very mighty one has imparted to him……”

(Qur’an : An-Najm : 53 : 3-4)

)


“Hence, accept (willingly) whatever the Messenger gives
you (thereof), and refrain from (demanding) anything
that he withholds from you; and remain conscious of
Allah : for verily, Allah is severe in retribution.”

(Qur’an : Al-Hashr : 59 : 7)

)


“For We have never sent any Messenger except
that he should be heeded (obeyed) by Allah’s leave”.

(Qur’an : An-Nisa : 4 : 64)

)


“But nay. By thy Sustainer! They do not [really] believe
unless they make thee [O Prophet] the judge of all on which
they disagree among themselves, and then find in their hearts
no resistance against thy decision, but accept it in full
submission.”

(Qur’an : An-Nisa : 4 : 65)

)


“The answer of the Believers when summoned to Allah
and His Messenger in order that He may judge between
them, is no other than this: they say "We hear and we
obey": it is such as these that will attain felicity.”

(Qur’an : An-Nur : 24 :51 )

)


“ Now whenever Allah and His Messenger have decided a
matter, it is not for a believing man or a believing woman
to claim freedom of choice insofar as they themselves are
concerned; for he who (thus) rebels against Allah and His
Messenger has already, most obviously, gone astray.”

(Qur’an : Al-Ahzab : 33 :36 )

)


“He (Allah) it is who has sent unto the unlettered people a
Messenger from among themselves, to convey unto them
His messages, and to cause them to grow in purity, and to
impart unto them the divine Writ as well as Wisdom -
whereas before that they were indeed, most obviously, lost
in error …. ”

(Qur’an : Al-Jumu’ah : 62 :2)

)


“…. and (to cause the message to spread) from them
unto other people as soon as they come into contact
with them : for He (Allah) alone is almighty, truly wise !
”

(Qur’an : Al-Jumu’ah : 62 :3)

)


“O You who believe ! Obey Allah, and obey the Messenger,
and those charged with authority from among you. If you
differ in anything among yourselves, refer it back to Allah
and to His Messenger, if you do believe in Allah and the
Last day : That is best and most suitable for final
determination.”

(Qur’an : An-Nisa’ : 4 :59)

)

)

“And I leave behind me for you all, for clarifying in your
affairs (of this religion), whosoever holdfast to them shall
never be led astray – (these are) the Book of Allah and
the Sunnah (Way or tradition) of His Messenger.”

(From Sermon reported by Ibnu Hisham in his “Seerah” )

)

“Verily, I am leaving behind me for you all, whosoever clings
to them shall never be astray after this till the hereafter :-
the Book of Allah - the rope stretched from heaven to the
earth; and my ‘itrah’ [progeny] from my Household – These
two will never be separated from each other until they return
upon the Pool (in Paradise).
See that you do not differ from (the guidance of) these two
after me.”
(Hadith reported by Tirmidzi)

)

“We (Allah) have, without doubt, send down the
Message (Al-Qur’an) And We will assuredly guard it
(from corruption)”

(Qur’an: Surah al- Hijr: 15: 9)

)

Prophetic Revelation
to Prophet
Era Muhammad
* memorised
* Dictated
13 BH – 10 AH * Recorded
* Collated
* Counter-
checked
)

Battle of Yamamah
1st Mushaf
* original materials
which have been
recorded by the
Prophet’s scribe
12 AH were sorted out,
checked and bound
into a single Book.

)

Expansion of Islam
Mushaf • Uthman’s recension -
Uthmani 7 official copies made
from the 1st Mushaf –
these sent to all
Islamic centres
30 AH accompanied by a
Reciter (muqri’)
• (extant copies of
these are available
even to this day)

)

Diacritical (Science) Ilmu-
Qira’atil Qur’an
marking * inclusion of
markings to the
script conforming
65 AH with Prophet’s
recitation, and to
facilitate non-Arab
learning recitation

)

Compare with verses in
the present Mushaf Text

)

MUSHAF From Mushaf
Uthmani, text
FUAD compiled at AL-
AZHAR with one
of the original
1342 AH manner of
Recitation which
has been famously
preserved - from
HAFASH.
)

SCHOOLS OF RECITATION (QIRA’AT) STILL
BEING PRESERVED AND TAUGHT – THE
QIRA’AT OF :
 Imam Nafe’ Madani (teacher of Qaalun – Warash)
 Imam Ibn Kathir Makki
 Imam Abu ‘Umar Basri
 Imam Ibn ‘Amir Shami
 Imam ‘Asim Kufi (teacher of Hafs) THE MOST WIDESPREAD
 Imam Hamza Ziyat Kufi
 Imam Abul Hassan Kasa-i
 Imam Abu Jafar Gazid Al-Madani
 Imam Abu Gaqarb
 Imam Khalaf
)

Hafash

‘Asim ibn Abin Nujud

Abi Abdur Rahman Abd ibn Habib as-Sulaimi

‘Ali Abi Talib Uthman ‘Affan Zaid Tsabit Ubay

Ka’ab

Holy Prophet Muhammad s.a.a.w.
)

MUSHAF Commissioned by
Saudi King, text
MADINAH using the Rasm’
Uthmani -
1403 AH following strictly
(1980) the spelling,
letter for letter,
identical to
Mushaf Uthmani.

)

“And upon thee (too) have We bestowed from on
high this reminder, so that thou (Muhammad) might
make clear unto mankind all that has ever been thus
bestowed upon them, and that they might take
thought.

(Qur’an : An-Nahl : 16: 44)

)

(Qur’an : al-Baqarah : 2 : 43)

But the Qur’an does not provide the detail, thus the Prophet (pbuh) said :

) 43

“ .....and be constant in ‘as-Solah’
(that is the fixed obligatory daily prayer)…”

(Qur’an : al-Baqarah : 2 : 43)

But the Qur’an does not provide the detail, thus the Prophet (pbuh) said :

“Establish ‘as-Solah’ as you see me do”

(Hadith reported by Bukhary)

) 44

…(it means) :
“the way ... or ... the law “
It is usually used to indicate the practice or the teachings
of our Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and are divided into :

Qau-liyyah (sayings) Taqririyyah (consent)

Fi’liyyah (actions) Hammiyyah (resolve)

) 45

…(it means) :
“the way ... or ... the law “
HADITH REGARDING ‘SUNNAH QAULIYYAH’
IS GENERALLY DIVIDED INTO TYPES

HADITH QUDSI HADITH NABAWWIY
The Prophet saying but he
indicates the quote to be God’s Direct statement of the Prophet
words which are other than
those in Qur’an

) 46

Prophet (pbuh) taught by :

(1) Verbal teaching

(2) Written medium

(dictation to scribes)

(3) Practical demonstration

) 48

…(Plural is “AHADITH” - it means) :

“the news , the report ..or .. narration“

It is usually used to refer to the report or sayings, transmitted
through a chain of people, and originated from or up to the
Prophet Muhammad (pbuh).

Thus a “Hadith” contains the “Sunnah”

) 49

“An Ansarite complained to the Prophet (pbuh)
that he had weak memory and that he easily
forgot the Prophet’s instructive discourses.

The Prophet (pbuh) replied :

“Take the aid of thy right hand (i.e. write it down).”

(Hadith reported by at-Tirmidzi)

) 50

Abdallah ibn ‘Amr ibn al-’As, a young Meccan had a habit of
writings down all that the Prophet used to say. Abdallah went
to the Prophet and asked him if one could note all that he said.
He replied :”Yes”.

Abdallah persisted :”Even when thou art happy and satisfied,
even when thou art annoyed ?”

The Prophet said : “Of course, by Allah ! Nothing that comes out
of this mouth is ever a lie.”

(Hadith reported by at-Tirmidzi)
) 51

 Yes, there is a report (Hadith) in which in contain
words in which the Prophet s.a.w. “forbade” the
writing of anything which he had uttered except the
Qur’an.

) 52

 Islamic scholars all understood this Hadith to refer to a
specific contexts – instructions to scribes to whom the
Prophet was dictating the revelations to; as also when
to new converts in their learning , he emphasized firstly
the Qur’an, but they were eager to take notes of
everything, which if not corrected, the possibility of
them confusing the Qur’an with the Prophets’ words on
their notations.

) 53

 Proof is that this Hadith was narrated from
companions whom were known to have written down
Hadith in their lifetime.

 Thus, this instruction may have been given to them in a
certain context – not an absolute instruction.

) 54

 Also, there exist evidence of many letters, dictations,
orders, treaties, etc. from the Prophet s.a.w. – which
indicate the permissibility of writing down Hadith.

 Thus those who says the Hadith was never written
during the time of the Prophet s.a.w. is not correct.

) 55

(1) Sama’ - reading by teacher

(2) ‘Ardl - reading to teacher

(3) Ijazah - confer permission

(4) Munawalah - conferring the materials to be copied

(5) Mukatabah – writing , correspondence

(6) I’lam - conferring authority

(7) Wasiyah - bequeathing books

(8) *Wijadah - writings which are found * Not authorized to use
except after verification
) 56
by the “Rawi” concerned

It contains two parts :

ISNAD (chain of narrators of the report)

(the content of the teaching from
MATN the Prophet [pbuh])

) 58

Example of Hadith Imam Bukhary -reported

ISNAD
from Musa
from Abu ‘Awanah
from Abu Hussain
from Abu Hurayrah - who heard
Prophet Muhammad [pbuh] said :

MATN
) 59

Example of Hadith Imam Bukhary -reported

ISNAD
from Musa
from Abu ‘Awanah
from Abu Hussain
from Abu Hurayrah - who heard
Prophet Muhammad [pbuh] said :
“Whosoever fabricates falsehood intentionally against me,
let him seek his abode in hell-fire.”

MATN
) 60

According to the number of “Isnad”

MUTAWWATIR

a “Sunnah” reported
by 4 or more chains
of narrators (ISNAD)

) 61

THIS TYPE OF HADITH IS UNIVERSALY ACCEPTED AS MOST AUTHENTIC

Al-Bukhary Muslim Ad-Darimi Abu Dawud Ibn Majah
Musa Ali al-Hidir Muhammad b Esa ‘Amr b ‘Aun Muhamad b Ramh
Abu ‘Awanah Ali b Mushir Haitsam Musaddad Al-Laits
Abu Hussain Muhammad b Qais Abu Zubair Wabrah Abnu Shihab
Abu Hurairah Ali b Rabi’ah Jabir ‘Amir Anas
Al-Mughirah Abdullah b Zubair
Az-Zubair

At-Tirmidzi Ath-Thayalisi Abu Hanifah Ath-Thabrani Al-Hakim
Abu Hisham Abdur Rahman ‘Athiyah Abu Ishaq Abul-Fadl b Al-Husain
Abu Bakr b Ayyasy Abis-Zinad Abi Sa’ied al-Khudri Ibrahim Muhamad b A Wahab
‘Ashim Amr b Sa’ied Nubaith b Ja’afar b ‘Aun
Zirr Uthman Syarieth Abu Hayyan
Ibnu Mas’ud Jazid b Hayyan
Zaid b Arqam

)

THIS TYPE OF HADITH IS UNIVERSALY ACCEPTED AS MOST AUTHENTIC

Al-Bukhary Muslim Ad-Darimi Abu Dawud Ibn Majah
Musa Ali al-Hidir Muhammad b Esa ‘Amr b ‘Aun Muhamad b Ramh
Abu ‘Awanah Ali b Mushir Haitsam Musaddad Al-Laits
Abu Hussain Muhammad b Qais Abu Zubair Wabrah Abnu Shihab
Abu Hurairah Ali b Rabi’ah Jabir ‘Amir Anas
Al-Mughirah Abdullah b Zubair
Az-Zubair

“Whosoever fabricates falsehood intentionally against me,
let him seek his abode in hell-fire.”

At-Tirmidzi Ath-Thayalisi Abu Hanifah Ath-Thabrani Al-Hakim
Abu Hisham Abdur Rahman ‘Athiyah Abu Ishaq Abul-Fadl b Al-Husain
Abu Bakr b Ayyasy Abis-Zinad Abi Sa’ied al-Khudri Ibrahim Muhamad b A Wahab
‘Ashim Amr b Sa’ied Nubaith b Ja’afar b ‘Aun
Zirr Uthman Syarieth Abu Hayyan
Ibnu Mas’ud Jazid b Hayyan
Zaid b Arqam

)


MUTAWWATIR

a “Sunnah” reported
by 4 or more chains
of narrators (ISNAD)

VERY RELIABLE

) 64


MUTAWWATIR AHAD

a “Sunnah” reported a “Sunnah” reported
by 4 or more chains by 3 or less chains
of narrators (ISNAD) of narrators (ISNAD)

RELIABILITY DEPENDS ON
VERY RELIABLE STRENGTH OF CHAIN

) 65

THE RATIONALE:

“THE STRENGTH OF A CHAIN IS AT THE WEAKEST LINK”

“Therefore if only one link (narrator) in a report is weak,
the whole report is to be regarded as weak.”

)

THE RATIONALE:

“AN OBJECT MUST ALSO BE SUPPORTED BY AT LEAST ONE
OTHER SEPARATE CHAIN TO BE REGARDED SAVE AND RELIABLE”

“Therefore a report which cannot be independently corroborated
is ground for it being regarded as weak or unreliable.”

)

THE RATIONALE:

“A CHAIN MUST BE CONTINUOUSLY LINKED TO THE
SOURCE OF WHICH IT IS SUPPOSED TO BE CONNECTED”

“Therefore a report which has gaps in the links (of narrators)
is a reason for its rejection.”

)

Further categorization of “AHAD” hadith on
the basis of number of Chains.

Mash-hur Aziz Gharib
(well-known) (strong) (rare)

Narrated by way Narrated by way Narrated by way
of 3 chains of 2 chains of a single chains
CAN BE CONSIDERED CAN BE CONSIDERED
FOR FURTHER FOR FURTHER BASED ON ISNAD USUALLY
CATERGORIZATION CATERGORIZATION THIS CATEGORY IS REJECTED

) 69

Al-‘ilm al-Jarh wa al-Ta’dil
(The knowledge of invalidating and
declaring reliable of Hadith)

)

Checking upon the

“ISNAD” (chain of narrators)

Checking upon the

“MATN” (the text)

Checking the integrity of

the “RAWI” (the narrators)

) 71

Detailed account of every narrators (SAHABI, TABI’IN, TABI’-
TABI’IN), compiled and verified.

Their strength and weakness subjected to scrutiny

Grading them according grades of reliability (‘Adl, Tsiqa,
Saduq, Saduq yahim, Maqbul, Layyin)

Even those unreliable were identified (Majhul, Muttaham
bil-kadzib, Kadzaab)

) 72

Ahadith which are “MASH-HUR” or “AZIZ “

Maqbul Mardud
(Accepted) ( Rejected )

Shahih Hassan Dho’if Maudhu’
Authentic Good Weak Fabrication
) 73

Due to defects of the narrator.

Due to discontinuity in the chain.

Due to incidental reasons.

) 74

Continuity of the chain

Integrity of the transmitter (narrator)

Soundness of narrator’s memory

Conformity to stronger sources

Absence of hidden defects

) 75

Not contrary to Qur’an & authentic Ahadith

Not illogical, against common law

Not out of proportion

Not containing too much detail on prophecy

Not contrary to the position of the Prophet (pbuh)

Personal praise or condemnation of any Companions, tribes
or places is suspect.

) 77

THESE WERE COMPILED AFTER IMAM ASH-SHAFI’IE PERIOD

As- S a h i h - Imam Bukhary

Al-Musnad as- S a h i h - Imam Muslim

Sunan - Imam Abu Dawud

Sunan al-Mujtaba - Imam An-Nasa’i

Sunan - Imam At-Tirmidzi

Sunan - Imam Ibnu Majah 78
)

AND ALLAH KNOWS BEST

)

TO BE CONTINUED –
)

All welcome to visit my web-blog:

http://an-naseehah.blogspot.com/
http://introductiontotauhid.blogspot.com/
http://oyoubelievers.blogspot.com/
http://al-amthaal.blogspot.com/
http://zhulkeflee-archive.blogspot.com/
http://criteriaforaholybook-quran.blogspot.com/
http://with-the-truthful.blogspot.com/
http ://muqaddam-nurul.blogspot.com/

) 81

[Slideshare] fiqh-course(sept-2012-batch)-#4a-historyof madzahib-(6-oct-2012)

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