The document discusses concepts related to boundary layer climatology and turbulence, including: 1) Lewis Fry Richardson's concept of an "energy cascade" from larger to smaller scales in turbulent flows. 2) The Reynolds number, which compares inertial and viscous forces, is important for determining when flows become turbulent. Turbulence typically occurs above a Reynolds number of 2100. 3) The "butterfly effect" demonstrates sensitive dependence on initial conditions, discovered by Edward Lorenz in the 1960s while modeling weather.

1. Boundary Layer Climatology Fundamentals of Turbulence (Arya CH 8) + supplemental material Theodore von Kármán 1881-1963 Osborne Reynolds 1842-1912 Lewis Fry Richardson 1881-1953 Lecture 14 Universität Stuttgart

3. Turbulent development from laminar flow through a grid after Frisch (1995)

4. Laminar to Turbulent in Surface Layer (Oke, 1987)

7. 40 years later, Hollywood discovers the butterfly effect.

8. Shear instability Animation: U California Irvine Source: Turner J.S., 1973, Buoyancy effects in fluids Cambridge University press. pp 368

9. from (Stull, 1988)

11. from Fritsch (1995) Turbulence, Cambridge Univ. Press

12. Mean and Turbulent Kinetic Energy