Hyponymy refers to a hierarchical relationship between words where the meaning of one word is included within the meaning of another more general word. Examples of hyponymy relationships include animal/dog and vegetable/carrot. The more general word is called the superordinate, while words that share the same superordinate are called co-hyponyms, such as horse and dog both being co-hyponyms under the superordinate animal. Polysemy refers to words that have multiple related meanings, like head, foot, and run. Homonymy refers to words that are spelled and pronounced the same but have different unrelated meanings, such as bank, bat, and race.

1. Semantic roles Hyponymy Definition: When the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another. Examples. Animal/dog; dog/poodle; vegetable/carrot, flower/rose. With Hyponomy, we look at words in connection with others, a type of hierarchical relationship. Consider the following chart:

2. Hyponymy Living thing Creature plant Animal insect vegetable flower tree Dog ant carrot rose plain

3. Hyponymy Superordinate A superordinate is the higher level in the hierarchy. For example: animal and insect are called the superordinate. Co-hyponyms The words that share the same superordinate, are called co-hyponyms.

4. Hyponymy For example: The words horse/dog are co-hyponyms of the superordinateanimal.

5. Exercice Find the different hyponyms/co-hyponyms for the following words: Words: To cook, color, door, writer

6. Prototypes At times in semantics, we do not associate certain creatures as prototypical birds. For instance, when we think of a bird, we tend to think of the usual bird like a ‘robin’, but we usually don’t regard the following as birds, like an ostrich or penguin (technically they are birds).

7. Polysemy Two are more words with the same form and related meaning: Head (body, school, etc) Foot (person, mountain, table) Run (person, river, …ect)

8. homonymy Let’s remember these first…. Homophone: same sound, different written form. Example: right/write, to/too/two Homograph: same written form, same or different sound, different meaning. Bear (animal)/bear (vb. To carry), conduct (with accent on first syllable) means behavior, accent on second syllable, verb ‘to maneuver’, others include: can you think about the possible meanings? do, desert, dove, use Homonyms: same sound, same orthography, but different meaning Bank (of a river)-bank (institution) bat (flying creature)-bat (cricket) Race (car race)-race (ethnic group)

9. summary