Professor Michael Keith, Director of University of Oxford´s COMPAS Research Center, spoke in Finland on global migration as the keynote speaker for the decision makers´ future course Sauna organised by Demos Helsinki and e2.

2. Sauna Academy: international megatrends in mobility Migration, integration and cohesion in the 21st century Michael Keith, 26-27 August 2009 Tuusula, Helsinki, Finland

3. Migration, integration and cohesion in the 21st century: Global movements of people, national regimes of sovereignty, local impacts of social change The world on the move: the scale of migration in the 21st century; global, European, Finland and UK Thinking about migration and the dynamics of social change: the case for and against migration Social policy and migration: assimilation, multiculturalism, integration, cohesion Dwelling and the creativity of modern (migrant) life The Commission on Integration and Cohesion and its legacies The roots of incommensurability and the pragmatics of the convivial: translating the details of receiving societies Conclusion

4. 1. The world on the move?

11. Contemporary migration and 20th century legacies: global flows and national sovereignties – the politics of scale Global dynamics – mobility, cultures, family reunification, universal notions of human rights National sovereignties – labour markets, skilled and unskilled labour demand, economic growth Localised impacts – the metropolis, the neighbourhood, new destinations of migration

12. Contemporary migration: 20th century legacies and 21st century drivers: global flows and national sovereignties – the politics of scale Nations of migration – North America Colonial legacies – North Europe The urban age – China Labour markets – the gulf, EC accession countries the A8 Universal constructions of human rights, the objective case for asylum and national regimes of migration – Denmark, Sweden, Finland?

13. 2. Thinking about migration and the dynamics of social change: the case for and against migration Globalisation’s shadow The case for migration and the case against National economic benefits, local impacts, neighbourhood change Changing demography: ageing Europe

14. 14 Contrasting advocates

15. 15 Four falsehoods on UK immigration BY MARTIN WOLF PUBLISHED: APRIL 3 2008 18:45 | LAST UPDATED: APRIL 3 2008 18:45 WHAT WILL HISTORY JUDGE THE MOST IMPORTANT POLICY DECISION TAKEN BY THE LABOUR GOVERNMENT? IT WILL NOT, IN MY VIEW, BE THE WARS IN AFGHANISTAN AND IRAQ, INDEPENDENCE OF THE BANK OF ENGLAND OR REFUSING TO JOIN THE EURO. POLICY ON IMMIGRATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN ANY OF THESE, BECAUSE IT IS TRANSFORMING THE SIZE AND COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION. YET, ASTONISHINGLY, THE GOVERNMENT HAS NEVER MADE A SERIOUS ATTEMPT TO JUSTIFY MASS IMMIGRATION. WORSE, THE ARGUMENTS IT HAS USED ARE SPECIOUS.

17. 3. Social policy and migration: assimilation, multiculturalism, integration and cohesion:Receiving countries and migration The civic nationalism of the USA The multicultural pluralism of Canada The urban rural divide and thehukou in China French republicanism The German gasterbeiter and its demise British accomodation from colonial legacy to cohesion and integration

18. 3. Social policy and migration: assimilation, multiculturalism, integration and cohesion Assimilation’s implicit teleology Multiculturalism’s implicit geography Cohesion and integration’s popularity Against multiculturalism? “The usefulness of the concept of multiculturalism is now beginning to be questioned, however, in part because of the way in which it encompasses such a wide spectru of difference and fails to reconcile them within a societal framework” (Ted Cantle, 2008)

21. Zygmunt Bauman “The new migration casts a question mark upon the bond between identity and citizenship, individual and place, neighbourhood and belonging” Culture in a globalised city (July 2008)

22. 4. Dwelling and the creativity of of modern (migrant) life: so what is new? The modern and the tradition of the bildungsroman The new and Zygmunt Bauman “The new migration casts a question mark upon the bond between identity and citizenship, individual and place, neighbourhood and belonging” Culture in a globalised city (July 2008) Migrant life: living, dwelling, settling Between belonging, citizenship, concentrations and community building

23. Accomodating migration: ghetto routes

31. Migrant settlement: Fietas, Soweto, downtown Joburg

42. International skilled labour and London’s machine for living

47. Chengzhongcun 'villages in the city‘ migrant ‘handshake apartments’

51. civillagety

52. The point here is to highlight the creativities of the attempts to make a home; the embossed realities of systemic injustices in the bricks and mortar of the process of settlement and the manner in which the political is realised in ways major and minor through the coming into being of new forms and accommodations of migrant (bare) life.

53. 5. The UK Commission on Integration and Cohesion and its legacies Periodising migration to the UK From empire to Fordism – dissenting Britain to the mother country The Windrush generation From the 90s growth to selective migration

54. From Cantle to 7/7

55. The Commission on Integration and Cohesion’s uncertain genealogy Tony Blair and the bombs Charles Clarke (HO) and the place of faith John Reid (HO) and terror Ruth Kelly (DCLG) and Britishness Hazel Blears (DCLG) and community power

56. 56 The Commission Ruth Kelly launched the Commission on Integration and Cohesion on 24th August 2006, alongside the appointment of the Chair, Darra Singh and 13 further Commissioners. The Commission was a fixed term independent body that reported back to the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government in June 2007. DCLG made an initial response to the Commission’s report in Autumn 2007 and a final policy response in February 2008 The Commission agreed to meet again on a single occasion to review progress 12 months after its final report A formal letter was sent by the Secretary of State in response to the report in October 2007 with policy initiatives developed in response announced in early 2008 The Commission covered England only, but also considered issues which affect Scotland and Wales, and good practice from other countries. The Commission undertook its work within the context of existing Government policy.

57. 57 The terms of reference The Commission was tasked with: Examining the issues that raise tensions between different groups in different areas, and that lead to segregation and conflict; Suggesting how local community and political leadership can push further against perceived barriers to cohesion and integration; Looking at how local communities themselves can be empowered to tackle extremist ideologies; Developing approaches that build local areas’ own capacity to prevent problems, and ensure they have the structures in place to recover from periods of tension

58. 58 The nature of diversity is changing

59. 59 Migration to the UK has been increasing Total International Migration (TIM) to/from the UK 1991-2004 source ONS website

60. 60 Some evidence diversity does not correlate with lack of conviviality

61. 61 “Parallel lives” and the UK “sleepwalking into segregation”? Ted Cantle “Whilst the physical segregation of housing estates and inner city areas came as no surprise, the team was particularly struck by the depth of polarisation of our towns and cities. The extent to which these physical divisions were compounded by so many other aspects of our daily lives, was very evident. Separate educational arrangements, community and voluntary bodies, employment, places of worship, language, social and cultural networks, means that many communities operate on the basis of a series of parallel lives. These lives often do not seem to touch at any point, let alone overlap and promote any meaningful interchanges. There is little wonder that the ignorance about each others’ communities can easily grow into fear; especially where this is exploited by extremist groups determined to undermine community harmony and foster divisions.” Source: Building Cohesive Communities (Home Office 2001) Trevor Phillips: “We are a society which, almost without noticing it, is becoming more divided by race and religion. …If we allow this to continue, we could end up …. living in a New Orleans-style Britain of passively co-existing ethnic and religious communities, eyeing each other uneasily over the fences of our differences…. we are sleepwalking our way to segregation. We are becoming strangers to each other, and we are leaving communities to be marooned outside the mainstream.” Source speech of 22/09/05 from CRE website

62. 62 The final report new definition An integrated and cohesive community is one where: There is a clearly defined and widely shared sense of the contribution of different individuals and different communities to a future vision for a neighbourhood, city, region or country There is a strong sense of an individual’s rights and responsibilities when living in a particular place – people know what everyone expects of them, and what they can expect in turn. Those from different backgrounds have similar life opportunities, access to services and treatment. There is a strong sense of trust in institutions locally to act fairly in arbitrating between different interests and for their role and justifications to be subject to public scrutiny There is a strong recognition of the contribution of both those who have newly arrived and those who already have deep attachments to a particular place, with a focus on what they have in common. There are strong and positive relationships between people from different backgrounds in the workplace, in schools and other institutions within neighbourhoods.

63. 63 Two chimera Segregation - and the Phillips debates Multiculturalism debates – ‘the beginning’, the ‘end’ and the middle of multiculturalism

64. 64 Structure of final report builds on themes and definition 1. INTRODUCTION 2. ANALYSIS 3. A NEW DEFINITION OF INTEGRATION AND COHESION 4. DEVELOPING SHARED FUTURES 5. STRENGTHENING RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES 6. BUILDING MUTUAL RESPECT AND CIVILITY 7. MAKING SOCIAL JUSTICE VISIBLE 8. ACTING IN THE FOUR KEY SPHERES

65. 65 February 2008 response Clarity New definition Human rights debates National policy Resource PSA with cohesion (PSA 21 – cross government PSA) Local delivery Principle – away from one size Cohesion impact Nationality and citizenship Education (Ajegbo)

66. 66 Fundamental principles Shared futures; a sense of becoming over being; shared identifies looking forward that recognise diverse histories and identities looking backwards A notion of citizenship that is fit for purpose for the 21st century and that accomodates different geographical scales of local, regional, national and transnational rights and responsibilities An ethics of hospitality that recognises the value of the stranger and the newcomer within a framework of mutuality and civility A sense of visible social justice that appeals not only to equality of opportunity and outcome but also to transparency of the decision making process

67. 67 Emerging themesThe ‘place shaping’ agenda and regeneration IT IS NOT JUST ABOUT EXTEREMISM AND / OR MIGRATION The emergence of ‘fairness’ and forward thinking Future thinking Present rationing Defining fairness Place shaping and the new agenda: Homes Agency, CRE report, Housing Corporation work The social engineers of place making Housing and homes; who gets access to the new homes Voice and choice in the new NHS In whose image is the city (re)made; London’s regeneration agenda

69. The new ‘homes agency’

70. LABV’s

71. PCT’s, neighbourhood police,

73. 70 New Housing Corporation Guidelines, October 2007 Community Cohesion and Housing: A good practice guide Shared Places: Community Cohesion Strategy Working in partnership Investing in cohesion Shaping neighbourhoods Empowering local people Enabling integrataion Myth busting “Method statements will, over time, provide evidence of how investment partners work with community partners, local or regeneration agencies.”

74. 6. The roots of incommensurability and the pragmatics of the convivial: translating the details of receiving societiesTranslating Sonali Gardens

75. The analytical incommensurabilities of the languages of rights and languages of belonging Rights and the good life A communitarian sense of belonging The rationing of finite resources Made more complex by plural temporalities and spatialities

76. Cartographies of the modern Identity, belonging and scale Notions of identification and the local The local and the elsewhere Colonial histories and postcolonial presents

86. Sonali Gardens thematics: A complex assemblage of rights and belongings The transnational and challenges to unitary citizenship Ethnicity v faith; secularism and Islam The politics of recognition, identity and the finite logics of the identitarian Eligibility criteria; welfare reform, social services, Weber’s paradox Land and property rights: the land deal, public ownership, private ownership : property as a bundle of rights Voice and choice – social policy reform and modernisation language Community power – networks and Sonali gardens as a vote bank. Balagonj, Bianibazar (Kalaziri) The state, governance and hybrid institutional forms Estate transfer and public debt

87. 7. Conclusion ‘Acting globally, thinking locally’: the importance of geographical scale and tensions betweem In the register of policy; from chaotic conceptualisation to pragmatic intervention. And the discursive nature of ‘conviviality’ – living through incommensurability In the scholarly register and the dynamics of change: temporalities, cartographies and creativities of the multicultural present