Nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes and fullerenes have a variety of applications. Carbon nanotubes can store hydrogen for fuel cells, replace platinum catalysts, and produce electricity in fuel cells. Fullerenes resemble soccer balls and have unique properties such as high strength and stability. Both nanotubes and fullerenes show potential for drug delivery, medical sensing, and disease treatment due to their small size and ability to interact with cells. They can also be used in catalysis, electronics, and energy applications.
2. Engineering applications
• Used as hydrogen storage medium,
semiconductors, sensors, nano-biotechnology
and bio medical engineering.
• Hydrogen can be stored in nanotubes of
carbon in fuel cells.
• Carbon nanotubes can be replaced platinum
catalyst in fuel cell.
• CNTs are the best medai for prodcution of
electricity in fuel cells.
3. Introduction
• In recent years, nanoscale science and
technology grown rapidly, with widespread
applications in the fields of medicine,
computing, electronics and scientific
exploration.
• Nanoscale is usually defined as smaller than a
one tenth of a micrometer in at least one
dimension, though this term is sometimes
used for even smaller materials.
4. Definitions
• NANOCHEMISTRY is the science of tools,
technologies and methodologies for chemical
synthesis, analysis and biochemical analysis
performed in nanoliter to femtoliter.
• NANOPARTICLES are the particles within the
size ranging from 1-50nm
• NANOMATERIALS are the materials having
components within size less than 100nm
5. • A nanometre is a unit of length in the metric
system, equal to one billionth of a metre. The
name combines the SI prefix nano- with the
parent unit name metre).
• It can be written in scientific notation as
1×10−9
m, in engineering notation as 1 E−9 m,
and is simply 1 m / 1,000,000,000.
6. One dimensional nanomaterial called NANOLAYER
Two dimensional nanomaterial called
nanotube
Quantumdots-3D nanomaterial
7. Carbon nanotubes
• These are discovered by S. Iijima in 1991
• These are allotropes of carbon with
nanostructure with length-to-diameter ratio
greater than 100,00.
• These are considered as sheet of graphite
rolled into a cylinder.
• These have a very broad range of electronic,
thermal and structural properties.
8. Single walled nanotubes(SWNTs)
• The diameter of SWNTs is 1nm, with a tube
length of many millions of times longer.
• These can be obtained by wrapping a one-
atom thick graphite into seamless cylinder.
• These are very important variety of nanotubes
with ELECTRIC properties.
9. • Based on wrapping of graphene sheet these
nanotubes are classified as
• Armchair (n=0),Zigzag (n=m),chiral
10. Multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs)
• MWNTs consists of rolled layers of concentric
tubes of graphite. The inter layer distance in
multi walled nanotubes is approximately 3.3A.
• These exhibits both metallic and semi
conducting properties.
• Russian Doll model:no of graphene sheets
wrapped
• Parchment model:single sheet of graphene
rolled in to no of layers like news paper.
11. Synthesis of carbon nanotubes
• ARC DISCHARGE METHOD
• LASER ABLATION METHOD
• CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION METHOD
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15. Properties of nanotubes
• STRENGTH: carbon nanotubes are the stiffest
materials in terms of tensile strength and
elastic modulous. Density of these tubes is
1.3-1.4g/cm3
• This property is due to the sp2
carbon-carbon
bonds.
• Hardness of nanotubes was found to be the
highest.
16. • ELECTRICAL properties of nanomaterials
depend on the symmetry and unique
electronic structure of graphene.
• If n=m (armchair) metallic
• If n-m is multiple of 3 then the nanotubes are
semiconducting.
• The atoms in these nanotubes posses great
vibrational properties.
17. In catalysis
• Catalysts having CNTS makes a reaction safer,
milder and more selective.
• Theses can be used catalysts themselves or as
catalyst additives or as catalyst supportive.
• CNTs along with ruthenium are used for the
hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde.
• And some chemical reactions are carried out
in nanotubes.
18. Medicinal applications
• CNTs are used in drug delivery systems, health
monitoring, bio-sensing methods and in
disease treatment.
• Can be used in altering the function of
immune cells.
• Can be used as multifunctional biological
transporters.
19. FULLERENES
• A third and newly discovered allotrope of
carbon after graphite and diamond is
BUCKMINSITER FULLERENE named in the
honor of American Architect Buckminster
Fuller, with a chemical formula of C60 .
• C60 resembles the shape of domes designed by
Fuller
20. Types of Fullerenes
• Spherical fullerenes: they look like a soccer
ball and often called Bucky balls
• Cylindrical fullerenes: these are called carbon
nanotubes or buckytubes
• Planar fullerenes: graphene is an example
planar fullerene sheet
21. DOME built by Buckminster Fuller
Buckminster
Fullerene
22. • Fullerenes are prepared by vaporizing
graphite rod in a helium atmosphere.
Mixtures of fullerenes are formed. These
mixtures are separated by solvent extraction.
• Fullerenes are the class of closed cage carbon
molecule characteristically containing 12
pentagons and a variable number of
hexagons.
23. • The C60 attains a icosahedron shape with 60
vertices, 32 faces.
• Another elongated molecule is C70.
• By trapping C60 R E Smaelly predicted that a
molecule with formula C240 called RUSSIAN
ROLL exsists.
24. Properties
• These exists as discrete molecules
• These are in mustered colored.
• Soluble in common organic solvents
• Dissolves completely in benzene forms a
magenta solution
• These are very tough and with highest tensile
strength.
• Thermally stable up to 600oC.
25. Applications
• Used as organic photo-voltaics
• These can also be used as ferromagnets
• Used as lubricants
• It was found that these fullerenes are active
towards HIV-1 virus.
• Alkali metal fullrides are used as
superconductors
