Midi keynote 2013
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This document discusses different approaches to design, focusing on human-centered, thing-centered, and designer-centered paradigms. It argues that design does not have a single center and proposes a post-centric approach with four foci: beneficiaries, artifacts, evaluation, and purpose. Post-centric design aims to balance and integrate different types of design choices through phases involving parallel activities rather than sequential stages. The document outlines challenges for research to better support the realities of design work while enhancing human-centered approaches and addressing limitations of existing paradigms.
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Midi keynote 2013
- 2. Dzień Dobry
- 3. OVERVIEW Centring Design Beneficiaries, Artefacts, Designers Post-Centric Design: The BIG Picture Design Work: Finer Detail Resources, approaches, method and process The BIG Agenda A few big challenges for research and practice
- 6. ISO 9241-210 HUMAN-CENTRED DESIGN PROCESSES FOR INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS http://www.system-concepts.com/assets/images/usability/usability%20diagram%20for%20blog.jpg iterative design early focus on users and tasks empirical measurement John D. Gould and Clayton Lewis. 1985. Designing for usability: key principles and what designers think. Commun. ACM 28(3), 300-11.
- 7. Homogeneous Stages Stage 1: Understand The initial – and new – stage we suggest is to focus on human values and to pinpoint those that we wish to design for and to research. This will require reflective thought and conceptual analysis drawing on other disciplines, which might include those as diverse as philosophy, psychology, art, literary theory, cultural studies, anthropology, sociology or design. It will also mean talking to stakeholders, including users as well as those involved in developing or designing the technology in question (if this is the goal) to ascertain what kinds of enduring value they believe their users will get from their technology; and what kinds of users and what domains are of interest. http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/cambridge/projects/hci2020/downloads/beinghuman_a4.pdf
- 9. Homogeneous Stages (Again) Engineering design is the systematic, intelligent generation and evaluation of specifications for artefacts whose form and function achieve stated objectives and satisfy specified constraints. C.L. Dym.Engineering Design: A Synthesis of Views, Cambridge, 1994 Engineering Design: A Project Based Introduction, 3rd Edition Clive L. Dym & Patrick Little, 2009 Things Specifications and artefacts Problem Solution
- 10. Being Designer-Centred Cross, N. Designerly Ways of Knowing, Springer, 200 6
- 11. Parallel Interacting Processes Gero, J. S. and Maher, M. L. (1997) A framework for research in design computing, in B. Martens, H. Linzer &A. Voigt (eds), ECAADE'97, Osterreichischer Kunst und Kulturverlag, Vienna (CD-ROM), Topic 1, paper 8. Problem Solution
- 12. Conklin‘s Generalization Of Problem Wickedness • The problem is not understood until after the formulation of a solution. • Wicked problems have no stopping rule. • Solutions to wicked problems are not right or wrong. • Every wicked problem is essentially novel and unique. • Every solution to a wicked problem is a 'one shot operation.' • Wicked problems have no given alternative solutions.Conklin, Jeffrey (2006). Dialogue mapping : building shared understanding of wicked problems. Chichester, England: Wiley.
- 13. Three Centres
- 17. SUCCESS CRITERIA • Human-Centred • Others are satisfied • Artefact-Centred • Requirements are satisfied • Designer-Centred • Designers are satisfied • Success criteria relate to the „centre‟ of each major design paradigm
- 19. THE BENEFITS OF HCD Benefits can arise from researching expected usage contexts and evaluating usage with proposed designs Demonstrate desirability and/or worth Benefits outweigh usage and other costs Support for ethical design (VSD) But not always These data-bound activities delay design
- 20. THE COSTS OF HCD There is no D in HCD, introducing risks of Imbalance, sometimes due to marginalising Unfair Contempt for Design(er)(s) Wasted project resources Project inefficiencies of delayed designing and misdirected iterations Damage due to missed opportunities
- 21. We HC You D
- 32. These are not the same shapes
- 33. They do not have the same centres
- 34. They are not even design
- 36. DIAGRAMS AND THE WORLD Design work (and diagrams of it) have foci, not centres Achieved via emphases on foci Diagrams can be very abstract, and over idealised Actual design practices are much more complex and vary massively Creative engineering technology, commercial product and service design, public DesignArt, human factors engineering, … Paradigm diagrams highlight differences in COMMITMENT to different TYPES of design choices and their co-ordination
- 37. POST-CENTRIC DESIGN: THE BIG PICTURE
- 38. DESIGN IS NOT A SHAPE, SO IT CANNOT HAVE A CENTRE
- 39. These are at least 4 Types of Centre for Interaction Design
- 41. http://www.flickr.com/photos/stacylynn/4634101795/sizes/z/in/photostream/ THE BEST VIEWS AREN’T ALWAYS AT THE CENTRE
- 42. Four Foci for Design Activities
- 43. FUSING AND BALANCING DESIGN PARADIGMS Purpose Artefact Benefici- ariesWorth Maps with beneficiary experiences Evalu- ation
- 44. DON’T CENTRE, SOAK EVERYTHING IN EVERYTHING UP TO SATURATION
- 45. WORTHWHILE POST-CENTRIC FUSIONS Different types of design choice need to be balanced Value maximising synergies Different types of design choice need to be co-ordinated Value preserving integration Choice of design purpose has a core role in post-centric design Deliberate source of generosity Not the satisfaction of either people, requirements or designers alone, but making the world a better place than was thought possible, i.e., through generousity Design Purpose needs to be more ambitious than the success criteria for existing design paradigms
- 46. POST-CENTRIC DESIGN PURPOSE Post-Centric Design Purpose can never be simply to: Be Creative – Engineering and Applied Arts Design can do that in Thing- and Designer-Centred ways Solve Problems – Engineering Design and Human-Centred Design can do that in Thing- and Human-Centred ways Instead it must improve some slice of life through generous worthwhile innovation that surprises and delights Worthwhile from valuable benefits that warrant (potentially adverse) costs, delightfully and surprisingly so Innovations delivered in specific locales for any mix of: Mind, body, spirit; individuals, relationships or growth in both or either; families, communities or organisations L-ERG-IKK (allergic) Locales of Existence, Relationships and Growth for Institutions, Kin and Kind
- 47. BALANCED INTEGRATED GENEROUS BIG See papers on academia.edu
- 48. POST-CENTRIC DESIGN: SUMMARY No single centre, no dominant focus Designs‟ foci move during project processes Phases or stages of design process are not homogeneous, but may involve development and co-ordination of one or more types of design choice Each phase or stage has its own primary generator (not necessarily only artefact choices, both other choice types, or a mix) Design teams have to COMMIT and re-commit to evolving balances and integrations in each stage, as well as commitments to standards of design work J. Darke. 1979. The primary generator and the design process, Design Studies 1(1). 36- 44.
- 49. The Finer Details of Design Work
- 50. WORKING TO CHOOSE Designers work to choose, design work is working to choose Interaction Design research and practice can support design work through: Development Processes Design and Evaluation Methods Tools, techniques and knowledge Support for Design work: Sources options Supports choices Co-ordinates choices
- 51. BIG HAS TO FILL HCD’S GAPS WHERE INTERACTION DESIGN HASN’T ALREADY Evalu- ation Artefact Benefici- aries Purpose
- 53. METHODS AS IDEALS “a well-organized and well-planned way of doing something” (Longman Online Dictionary of Contemporary English) 1 2 3 4 …
- 54. APPROACHES AS REALITIES User Testing – Instrument or Agenda (Prompt List)? Get test users Instruct test users Record interact- ions Analyse data Plan re- design Keinonen, T. 2009. Design method -- instrument, competence or agenda? Multiple ways to Design Research. Swiss Design Research Network Symposium'09, Lugano, Switzerland. Get test users Instruct test users Record interactions Analyse data Plan re-design
- 55. APPROACHES AS REALITIES Cognitive Walkthrough – Agenda with Instrument Specify Tasks Answer Walkthrough Questions Decide success/failure case Approaches do not supply all required design resources, missing or incomplete resources need to be sourced or completed from public or local sources Woolrych, A. Hornbæk, K., Frøkjær, E. & Cockton, G. 2011. Ingredients and Meals Rather Than Recipes: a Proposal for Research that Does Not Treat Usability Evaluation Methods as Indivisible Wholes. IJHCI 27(10), 940-970
- 56. APPROACHES AND RESOURCES What are named as methods in Interaction Design are („branded‟) approaches that comprise an incomplete set of resources Heuristic Evaluation: heuristic set, inspection procedure(s), multiple analysts – 3 resources: first complete, last no more than a prompt Personas: Expressive visual form; grounded, strengthened and communicated by additional resources in the Persona Lifecycle (Pruitt and Adlin) – one resource (examples) plus additional resources ‘beyond the method’ Worth Maps (Cockton): Expressive integrative visual form; grounded, strengthened and communicated by extra resources in HCI 2009 and INTERACT 2009 papers –one complete resource complemented by additional resources ‘beyond the method’ Approaches incomplete, resources mostly incomplete, requiring additional public and local resources Pruitt, J. and Adlin, T. 2006. The Persona Lifecycle: Keeping People in Mind Throughout Product Design. Morgan Kaufmann. Cockton, G., 2008. Designing Worth: Connecting Preferred Means with Probable Ends. interactions, 15(4 - July+August), 54-57
- 57. RESOURCE FUNCTIONS Cockton, G. 2013. A Load of Cobbler’s Children: Beyond the Model Designing Processor. Proc. CHI 2013 Extended Abstracts. ACM, 2139-2148 Sketching can have inquisitive and directive functions, not just an expressive one. Specific forms of sketch, informed by expert knowledge, have a performative role. Evans, M. and Pei, E. 2011. iD Cards. A Taxonomy of Design Representations to Support Communication and Understanding During New Product Development. Loughborough University School of Design. www.lboro.ac.uk/media/wwwlboroacuk/content/lds/downloads/ newsandevents/generalnews/2011/id- record EXPRESSIVE source INQUISITIVE strengthen DIRECTIVE share PERFORMATIVE tell INFORMATIVE
- 58. APPROACH AND PROCESS FUNCTIONS Scoping (Adumbrative) Describes coverage of choice types and co-ordinations, at varying levels of abstraction, including specific technologies, users and evaluation approaches Valuing (Ameliorative) States the values that motivate a deisgn approach or process Linking (Integrative) Supports one or more of the co-ordinations within an approach or process Energising (Invigorative) Transforms approaches or processes into states that vigourously motivate a design team Caring (Protective) Prevents approaches or processes from entering or remaining in states that demotivate a design team
- 59. Mind Body Buddies Designers need a 3rd Wave too No more Cobbler’s Children Moods
- 60. BIG AND RESOURCE FUNCTIONS Resource functions, as well as design choice types, need to be balanced and integrated to enable generosity and delivery of other commitments for a design team Committedness of design teams determines extent of balance, integration and generosity Design settings and processes must allow balance, integration and generosity as appropriate in each stage of design work
- 61. PHASES, BALANCE AND INTEGRATION Ianus Keller PhD, Delft, 2005 Basis for new process structures Different design foci in parallel, not sequence Phases of parallel activities punctuated by periods of consolidating integration Balance managed across phases Phase activities are not homogeneous Coherence from primary generator Stages are not in a fixed linear order, sorry ISO 9241-210 Beneficiaries Evaluations Purpose Artefacts Worth
- 62. THE BIG AGENDA New Challenges For Research And Practice
- 63. THE BIG AGENDA New challenges for research and practice Accepting the realities of designers Subjective, creative, adventurous, expert, relevant, independe nt Matching the accountability of engineers Objective verifiers Retaining and enhancing the achievements of HCD Informed, empathic, selfless Reducing the limitations of existing design paradigms Deluded, defensive, uncritical, cautious, conservative, unadve nturous, arrogant, poorly focused, wasteful … BIG challenges – will you embrace them?
- 64. Dziękuję Bardzo
- 65. QUESTIONS?