1. A Quick Review of CPTED Strategies (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design) By: Russell James, J.D., Ph.D., Asst. Professor, Dept. of Housing & Consumer Economics, University of Georgia
2. The criminal’s SAT questions Surveillance (Will I be seen?) Access (Can I get in and out)? Territoriality (Does anyone care what happens here?)
4. “burglarized houses had less visual access to immediately neighboring houses than did non-burglarized houses” Brown, B. (University of Utah), Altman, B. (University of Utah). 1983. Territoriality, defensible space and residential burglary: an environmental analysis, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(3), 203-20.
5. “Convenience stores experienced mean annual robbery rate reductions after installation of CCTV systems (-23%); installation of video cameras with monitors (-54%)” C. Casteel (UCLA) & C. Peek-Asa (UCLA). 2000. Effectiveness of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in reducing robberies. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 18, 99-115, p. 110
6. Office beverages available with payment on an “honor” system. Picture above payment instructions rotated weekly. Payments were higher when picture of eyes was posted. M. Bateson, D. Nettle & G. Roberts (2006). Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting. Biology Letters 2, 412–414.
7. Two groups with two computer backgrounds. Each person receives $10. Computer question: Do you want to share any of it with another (anonymous) participant? A B K. J. Haley (UCLA), D.M.T. Fessler (UCLA). 2005. Nobody’s watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, 245–256
8. K. J. Haley (UCLA), D.M.T. Fessler (UCLA). 2005. Nobody’s watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, 245–256
10. “Burglarized houses had fewer fences and locked gates surrounding the yard than did non-burglarized houses.” Brown, B., Altman, B. (1983). Territoriality, defensible space and residential burglary: an environmental analysis, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(3), 203-20.
11. Preventing access by adding chain link fencing and lighting to lower levels of this parking garage led to 50% drop in reported crime. Tseng, C.-H. (Ohio State U.), Duane, J. (Ohio State U.), & Hadipriono, F. (Ohio State U.). 2004. Performance of Campus Parking Garages in Preventing Crime. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 18(1), 21-28.
13. “burglarized houses had fewer symbolic barriers characteristic of primary territories (i.e., fewer markers depicting the identity of the territory owners)” Brown, B. (University of Utah), Altman, B. (University of Utah). 1983. Territoriality, defensible space and residential burglary: an environmental analysis, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(3), 203-20.
14. In a study of 400 convenience store robberies, one significant difference between robbed and non-robbed stores was distance from nearest graffiti S. A. Hendricks, D. P. Landsittel, H. E. Amandus, J. Malcan, & J. Bell. (1999) A matched case-control study of convenience store robbery risk factors. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 41(11), 995-1004
15. “Does it pass the SAT?” Visual Examples Surveillance (Will I be seen?) Access (Can I get in and out)? Territoriality (Does anyone care what happens here?)
43. High solid fences Indicates lack of territoriality outside of walls Reduces natural surveillance Can anyone see what happens outside the fence?
44. High solid fences Indicates lack of territoriality outside of walls Reduces natural surveillance Does anyone care what happens outside the fence?
45. High solid fences Indicates lack of territoriality outside of walls Reduces natural surveillance High solid fences may create spaces with little surveillance or territoriality
46. Some high fences control access, but fail the S.A.T. by Blocking surveillance Sending a clear message that the area is dangerous, crime is accepted, and no one cares what happens outside the wall
47. Making the chain link fence opaque blocks surveillance and permits graffiti showing a lack of external territoriality.
48. With proper design and maintenance, high fences can limit access without damaging surveillance or territoriality
49. A high fence blocking access without damaging surveillance or territoriality
50. Spikes can add a visceral element of access reduction that is still decorative and residential
66. Front Entrance / Windows Side Windows Rear Entrance / Windows What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
67. 10 residences have sight lines to the rear entry What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
68. 16 residences have sight lines to the front entry What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
69. 11 residences have sight lines to side window What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
70. Rear Entrance / Windows Side Entrance/ Windows Front Entrance / Windows What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
71. 2 residences have sight lines to rear entrance What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
72. 0 residences have sight lines to side window What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
73. Zone outside residence where sight lines are covered by wooded area with link to walking trail What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
75. What natural surveillance issue best predicted convenience store robberies? C. Casteel (UCLA) & C. Peek-Asa (UCLA). 2000. Effectiveness of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in reducing robberies. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 18, 99-115, p. 110
76. C. Casteel (UCLA) & C. Peek-Asa (UCLA). 2000. Effectiveness of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in reducing robberies. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 18, 99-115, p. 110 Visibility from outside the store to inside the store was the most important sight line
77. C. Casteel (UCLA) & C. Peek-Asa (UCLA). 2000. Effectiveness of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in reducing robberies. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 18, 99-115, p. 110 Visibility from outside the store to inside the store was a more significant predictor of convenience store robberies than the number of clerks or the proximity to drug traffic, gangs, or subsidized housing.
80. line of site; access out Lighting alone may not overcome natural barriers to surveillance
81. Lighting can also be important during the day, especially where lines of sight are limited
82. Neighborhood watch signs may improve territoriality by indicating that people care what happens in the area
83. Of course, if no one really cares about the area, then there is no real community ownership or territoriality, and a sign may not have the desired effect!
84. Territoriality fails when it appears that no one is maintaining an area. No one is claiming ownership. In short, no one cares what happens there.
85. What signals do you get that territoriality appears weak here?
86. Closed stairwells have low natural surveillance and easy access for both entry and escape
90. All ranges of natural surveillance levels are possible for stairwells depending upon the design solution chosen
91. “replacing bathroom entrance doors with right-angle entrances permit the warning sounds of crime to travel more freely and reduce the sense of isolation” Auditory Surveillance Sommer, R. (1983). Social design: Creating buildings with people in mind. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
96. High rise buildings provide weaker surveillance of street level activity because of structural separation, distance separation, and sound separation. This separation also limits the sense of territoriality over street level activities.
97. Mid rise balconies create stronger surveillance and territoriality, connecting residents with street level.
98. Mid-rise balcony neighborhoods create safer street level areas with high levels of perceived surveillance and perceived territoriality
99. Presentation by Russell James III, J.D., Ph.D., Asst. Professor, Dept. of Housing & Consumer Economics, University of Georgia. Dr. James’ research has been published in a variety of housing and design related academic journals including: Environment & Behavior; Housing Policy Debate; Journal of Urban Planning & Development (ASCE); Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities (ASCE); Housing, Theory, and Society; Housing & Society; Journal of the Community Development Society Please feel free to use any of these slides for any non-commercial purposes. All pictures used in this presentation are creative commons licensed, have been purchased with rights to allow this usage, are from MS PowerPoint or are the author’s own photographs. Citations for all creative commons licensed photos are in the notes to each slide.